Social Identity and the Service-Profit Chain Essay Example for Free

Social Identity and the Service-Profit Chain Essay MOS Article Review Social Identity and the Service-Profit Chain By Christian Homburg, Jan Wieseke Wayne D. Hoyer Journal of Marketing Volume 73(March 2009) It is very important to understand that if performance meets expectations, the customer is satisfied; if not, dissatisfaction results. Thus a core assumption is that by improving performance, firms can also increase satisfaction. Customers expect what they are now receiving and in a sense they keep upping the ante so it becomes increasingly difficult to meet or exceed customer expectations. Now there are two SPC paths: conventional and the social identity based path. Both of them are complementary. In other words firms that successfully manage both SPC paths tend to perform better than firms that are successful in only managing either the satisfaction or the social identity based path. The main elements of the social identity approach are self-categorization theory and social identity theory. Self categorization theory suggests that human beings have a need to simplify the social world by categorising people into groups. People perceive themselves as belonging to a particular group or category. According to social identity theory people strive for positive self-esteem and try to accomplish this by enhancing their social identity. Moreover it is true customers self-definitional needs can be partially fulfilled by the companies they patronise. For example users of Apple computers strongly identify with the company and this identification is related to how they define themselves as individuals. Thus customer-company identification helps a person clarify his or her self concept and to gain positive self-appraisal through a positive company appraisal. In today’s era of unprecedented corporate influence and consumerism, certain companies represent and offer attractive, meaningful social identities to consumers that help them satisfy important self-definitional needs. Strong identification occurs when company becomes personally relevant for consumers and personal relevance creates the potential for emotional reactions. Although some people perceive a close relationship between commitment and identification, there is consensus that identity and commitment are distinguishable in terms of their essential meaning. The key distinction is that identification includes both a self-definitional and an emotional meaning for a person while commitment does not reflect the cognitive element of psychological oneness and self definition that identification does. Hypothesis for the social identity based path of the SPC

Patriarchal Society and the Feminine Self in Kate Chopins Story of an

Patriarchal Society and the Erasure of the Feminine Self in The Story of an Hour  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚     Ã‚   Critical readings of Chopin’s works often note the tension between female characters and the society that surrounds them.   Margaret Bauer suggests that Chopin is concerned with exploring the â€Å"dynamic interrelation between women and men, women and patriarchy, even women and women† (146).   Often, critics focus on the importance of conflict in these works and the way in which Chopin uses gender constraints on two levels, to open an avenue for the discussion of feminine identity and, at the same time, to critique the patriarchal society that denies that identity.   Kay Butler suggests that â€Å"entrapment, not freedom, is the source of Chopin’s inspiration, for she is primarily concerned with exploring the way in which gender roles deny identity†;   she continues:   â€Å"yet without the entrapment, the question of identity, even the inspiration to write about identity, wouldn’t exist† (18).   Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† most poignantly balances the dual focus of her work, describing the incipient awakening of Mrs. Mallard, and thus exploring the possibility of feminine identity, even while, ultimately, denying the fruition of such an experience.   Like all of her works, this short story reacts to a specific historical framework, the Cult of True Womanhood, in its indictment of patriarchal culture.   As Barbara Welter notes, in the nineteenth century, â€Å"a women judged herself and was judged by her husband, her neighbors, and society† by the attributes of a True Woman which included, especially, â€Å"purity† and â€Å"domesticity† (372).   The concept of purity, because it suggested that women must maintain their virtue, also, paradoxically, denied the... ... Story of an Hour.’†Ã‚   CLA Journal 16 (November 1994):   59-64.   Bauer, Margaret.   Chopin in Her Times:   Critical Essays on Patriarchy and Feminine Identity.   Durham:   Duke UP, 1997.   Butler, Kay.   â€Å"Freedom and Desire:   The Theme of Awakening in the Works of Kate Chopin.†Ã‚   Critical Interpretations:   Kate Chopin.   Ed. Harold Blooming.   New York:   Chelsea House, 1989.   14-32.   Chopin, Kate.   â€Å"The Story of an Hour.†Ã‚   The Heath Anthology of American Literature.   Ed. Paul Lauter, et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2.   Lexington:   Heath, 1994.   644-46.   Papke, Mary E.   Verging on the Abyss:   The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton.   New York:   Greenwood P, 1990.   Welter, Barbara.   â€Å"The Cult of True Womanhood:   1820-1860.†Ã‚   The American Family in the Social Historical Perspective.   Ed. Michael Gordon.   New York:   St. Martin’s P, 1978.   372-92.        

Food and Industry Essay

Political This can have two extreme effects on threat of new entrants. If the government brings out higher restaurant license cost and increased taxes and/or implements strict health and safety regulations along with more documentation procedures, this will increase the barriers to entry. However, if the government does the opposite by decreasing license cost and taxes or has a lenient approach to health and safety procedures, the threat of new entrants will be high. Economic. Due to the rising income disparity and the adverse economic conditions, the number of unemployed is increasing due to which the labor cost will decrease, and the up-class restaurants will be more in demand as the rich are getting richer. Thus, the threat of entrants is high because of increased profit margins in such ventures. In case of improvement in the economy, more people could afford to go out to restaurants which give more opportunities for new restaurants to come up. Social. The current social trend is in favor of eating out especially at expensive restaurants, thereby, increasing their demand and also owning such eat-outs is now very socially appealing thus, increasing the threat of new entrants. Technological The rise in innovative technology has made management of restaurants very easy and the new sophisticated software now enable restaurants to run with less number of employees, thereby, reducing the labor cost. Thus, this factor increases the threat of new entrants. |B |Bargaining Power of Buyers |Yes |~ |No | | | |(+) | |(–) | | |Are there a large number of buyers relative to the number of firms in the business? |[pic] | | | | |Do you have a large number of customers, each with relatively small purchases? |[pic] | | | | |Does the customer face any significant costs in switching suppliers? | | |[pic] | | |Does the buyer need a lot of important information? | | |[pic] | | |Is the buyer aware of the need for additional information? | | |[pic] | | |Is there anything that prevents your customer from taking your function in-house? |[pic] | | | | |Your customers are not highly sensitive to price. |[pic] | | | | |Your product is unique to some degree or has accepted branding. |[pic] | | | | |Your customers’ businesses are profitable. | |[pic] | | | |You provide incentives to the decision makers. | | |[pic] | Interpretation The bargaining power of buyer is low in the industry firstly because their product is a commodity item and consumers have no choice but to continue consumption, as it is also a form of entertainment in our country. This makes the industry more attractive and profitable and the PEST forces such as increasing population is an appealing opportunity, however, the economic situation of the country brings along adverse effects on the industry. Nandos should therefore, bank on the rising income disparity. PEST forces that affect Bargaining Power of Buyers Political This political factor has no direct affect on the bargaining power of buyers. Economic The increasing population reduces the power of buyers. Even though the adverse economic situation of Pakistan is reducing the consumer base, it is still not making much impact on the bargaining power of buyers. Social The trend is moving towards eating at restaurants, which is increasing the base of consumers, thus, reducing their bargaining power. Technological The advancement in technology makes it possible for the buyer to gather all the information quickly and make informed decisions. Thus, this is increasing the bargaining power of buyers. |C |Threat of Substitutes |Yes |~ |No | | | |(+) | |(–) | | |Substitutes have performance limitations that do not completely offset their lowest price. Or, |[pic] | | | | |their performance is not justified by their higher price. | | | | | |The customer will incur costs in switching to a substitute. | | |[pic] | | |Your customer has no real substitute. |[pic] | | | | |Your customer is not likely to substitute. | |[pic] | | Interpretation The threat of substitutes is medium to low, as this industry does not have any real substitutes, because restaurants offer unique experiences along with their basic product i. e. food items. In Pakistan, eating out is a form of entertainment and people generally like going to specific restaurants and cafes because of their splendid experience in the past including ambience and food. Nandos should therefore concentrate their efforts on upgrading their restaurant ambience and the taste offered by them. PEST forces that affect Threat of Substitutes There aren’t many substitutes of the restaurant industry. However, decrease in the purchasing power of the people could lessen their visits to the restaurants thereby increasing the threat of substitutes. If better substitutes are provided to people such as more variety in the ready-to-cook foods could increase the threat of substitutes. |D |Bargaining Power of Suppliers |Yes |~ |No | | | |(+) | |(–) | | |My inputs (materials, labor, supplies, services, etc. ) are standard rather than unique or | | |[pic] | | |differentiated | | | | | |I can switch between suppliers quickly and cheaply. | | |[pic] | | |My suppliers would find it difficult to enter my business or my customers would find it difficult | | |[pic] | | |to perform my function in-house. | | | | | |I can substitute inputs readily. | | |[pic] | | |I have many potential suppliers. | | |[pic] | | |My business is important to my suppliers. |[pic] | | | | |My cost of purchases has no significant influence on my overall costs. | | |[pic] | Interpretation Bargaining power of suppliers is high because the inputs are not easily substituted, keeping in mind only those companies in the industries that are rather cautious about their inputs as poor quality inputs can cause them a hefty amount of business. Also, the inputs are usually of a perishable nature, thus, stock-ups are not possible, that is why reliability of suppliers is very important. Therefore, these companies usually have one or two major supplier of main inputs, who can provide good quality inputs in a timely manner. This is an unattractive aspect of this industry, that’s why; Nandos should integrate backward by probably farming their chicken, in order to eliminate this power of suppliers. PEST forces that affect Bargaining Power of Suppliers Political. If the government grants subsidies to other chicken suppliers so that they are able to produce at the same level and with same quality as KnN, then the supplier power will reduce. If the government establishes quality standards for using hygienic meat products, the supplier power would go very high since there is only one major chicken supplier. Economic The current economic situation of the country will reduce large scale companies such as KnN; thus, the supplier power will increase. Also our poultry industry is â€Å"going down†. This will further increase the power of suppliers. Social. This factor will not affect the input of food industry. Technological Technology has made it possible to manage the poultry industry, thus enabling more suppliers to come in. therefore, the power of suppliers will reduce. |E |Determinants of Rivalry among existing competition |Yes |~ |No | | | |(+) | |(–) | | |The industry is growing rapidly. |[pic] | | | | |The industry is not cyclical with intermittent overcapacity. | | |[pic] | | |The fixed costs of the business are a relatively low portion of total costs. | | |[pic] | | |There are significant product differences and brand identities between the competitors. |[pic] | | | | |The competitors are diversified rather than specialized. |[pic] | | | | |It would not be hard to get out of this business because there are no specialized skills and |[pic] | | | | |facilities or long-term contract commitments, etc. | | | | | |My customers would incur significant costs in switching to a competitor. | | |[pic] | | |My product is complex and requires a detailed understanding on the part of my customer. | | |[pic] | | |My competitors are all of approximately the same size as I am. | | |[pic] | Interpretation. The rivalry amongst the existing firms is moderate to high as each tries to outdo the other by offering cost-effective deals to the consumers especially during Ramadan. With the increasing rate with which these eat-outs are opening, the market share for each of them is deteriorating. Thus, each is rigorously competing against the rest. In such situation, it is usually the restaurants with small operations such as Nandos that suffer. Nandos should therefore, try to combat this issue by increasing their operation via market penetration or market development. PEST forces that affect Rivalry among existing competition. Political If the government grants subsidies to local competitors to match the international chains, the rivalry will increase. Economic The fake economic growth has increased the availability of funds; therefore the competitors can match international chains now. Thus, the rivalry will increase. Social This factor will not affect the input of the Restaurant Industry. Technological Technology has made it possible for competitors to affectively reduce cost, thereby, enabling to match each other and copy the others competitive advantage. This will increase the rivalry between competitors. | |Overall Industry Rating |Favorable |Moderate |Un-favorable |Implications | | |Threat of new entrants |3 |2 |7 | | | | | | | |Threat of new entrants is high | | | | | | |Unfavorable | | |Bargaining power of buyers |5 |1 |4 | | | | | | | |Bargaining power of buyers is Low | | | | | | |Favorable | | |Threat of substitutes |2 |1 |1 | | | | | | | |Threat of substitutes is Medium to Low | | | | | | |Somewhat Favorable | | |Bargaining power of suppliers |1 |0 |6 | | | | | | | |Bargaining power of suppliers is high | | | | | | |Unfavorable | | |Intensity of rivalry among competitors |4 |0 |5 | | | | |. | | |Intensity or rivalry is Moderately High | | | | | | |Unfavorable | | |Total |15 |4 |23 |Reasonably Unattractive | Interpretation Overall, it is an unfavorable industry as the major cities of Pakistan are swamped with many restaurants and cafes. Nevertheless, the industry position can be exploited to ones advantage, if strategically smart decisions are taken. For Nandos, the recommendations include: †¢ Constantly innovate and bring in more competitive advantage that are unmatchable, in order to reduce the threat of new entrants. †¢ Backward integration to reduce the power of suppliers. †¢ More effective differentiation to reduce the rivalry between Nandos and competitors. 1 Overall Macro-Environmental Pest Factors Political Factors: The political factors that mainly affect Nandos concern how the government relates to health issues concerning food items being served or brings out new regulations regarding the restaurant business. For Instance: when Bird Flu occurred in Pakistan, if the government would have asked for ban on chicken items or some strict regulations on the chicken items being served, then it would have highly affected Nandos as well. Government regulations regarding franchises or international chain of restaurants would affect Nandos in relations to itself or in dealing with its competitors. Economic Factors: Pakistan is a developing country and the majority of the population has low purchasing power. Nandos caters to that niche of the Pakistani society that has a relatively higher purchasing power than the majority of the nation. Any economic instability or economic recession would decrease the power of a lot of consumers, decreasing the niche segment that Nandos caters to. Thus economic power does affect Nandos as people tend to spend less on eating out at relatively expensive places when they have a tighter budget. If the economy develops and more people have the purchasing power, then more people would be able to visit restaurants like Nandos. Social Factors: The trend of eating out has been carrying on in Pakistan since a very longtime. Pakistani people have always loved eating out. It is even the main source of entertainment in Pakistan. Earlier on families would go and eat out, but since the past few years, this trend increased even further in teenagers, young adults and with corporate people. Nowadays, if we visit any restaurant such as Nandos, we get to see a diverse crowd that includes teenagers, families, couples and even corporate businessmen. Thus eating out is becoming an increasingly important social trend which works positively for places like Nandos. Technological Factors: The restaurant business works well where the management handles the service well. To be quicker and more efficient in processing and then serving the orders, restaurants need to have better technology. To keep records of day-to-business, better technology is essentially important. Cooking also requires better equipments to work faster and better. Nandos has the essential equipment to make all of its flame-grilled items which even works towards providing healthier items by not making deep-fried products. 2 Key Driving Forces Affecting the Industry †¢ The Internet and new E-Commerce opportunities The Internet can revolutionize the entire restaurant industry by including the aspects of ordering food online. In this way consumers could be provided with more convenience and be more informed about the menus. †¢ Increasing globalization of the industry Global chains of restaurants such as fast food joints like KFC and Mc Donald’s have existed since a very long time now. The aspect of a global chain leaves a positive impression on the minds of the people since they tend to believe that the product is of quality and hygiene. More and more restaurants are following this trend and opening up their chains in Pakistan. This does affect the restaurant industry on a whole. Nandos is also globally widespread but it hasn’t penetrated much in Pakistan as yet. †¢ Product Innovation Those restaurants that have had a unique menu or recipe have been able create a strong place in the industry. People have always wanted variety in Pakistan. Any new element or uniqueness in a restaurant’s menu could give it a competitive edge in the market. Nandos has banked on this opportunity by introducing an entirely new concept adopted from South Africa. †¢ Technological Change Advances in technology can dramatically transform the restaurant industry. Technological developments can competitively produce significant changes in the distribution channel and logistics and reduce the costs in the value chain. †¢ Entry or Exit of major firms Exit of major firms in the restaurant industry can lead to changes in market shares of all the companies that compete with such firms. Entry is relatively easy and keeps on leading to increased competition in this industry. †¢ Changes in cost and efficiency Decrease in cost can lead to significant changes in the profit margin of the business. However increasing costs can prove to be detrimental to the businesses in the industry. †¢ Regulatory influences and government policy changes Regulatory influences or policy changes such as increased quality and hygiene standards can drive up costs of firms but would lead to better and safer food items. †¢ Changing societal concerns, attitudes and lifestyles Emerging social issues and changing attitudes and lifestyles can be powerful driving forces of industry change. The trend of eating out has been increasing consistently in Pakistan giving more opportunities for new companies to come with more and more variety for the public. 3 External Factor Evaluation (EFE) |Key External Factors |Weight |Rating |Weighted Score | | | | | | |Opportunities | | | | |Market Potential – growing market for fast casual |0. 17 |2 |0. 34 | |People’s need for variety in the food and entertainmnt sector |0. 10 |3 |0. 3 | |Rising Demand for Home delivery and Takeout |0. 08 |3 |0. 24 | |E-commerce |0. 02 |1 |0. 02 | |People’s preference for red meat |0. 06 |1 |0. 06 | |People’s attraction towards promotional offers |0. 08 |2 |0. 16 | |Increasing trends for business/corporate lunches and dinners |0. 05 |3 |0. 15 | | | | | | |Threats | | | | |Economic Problems in the country |0. 09 |2 |0. 18 | |Bird Flu Threat |0. 03 |3 |0. 09 | |Political Problems in the country |0. 02 |2 |0. 04 | |Growing market for cafes in Pakistan |0. 06 |2 |0. 12 | |Availability of nandos table sauces in the market |0. 03 |2 |0. 06 | |Only one chicken supplier (KnNs) |0. 08 |2 |0. 16 | |Huge variety of Restaurants, fastfood places |0. 12 |2 |0. 24 | |Changing tastes of people |0. 01 |2 |0. 02 | | | | | | |Total |1. 00 | |2. 18 | Analysis: Nandos, Pakistan’s total weighted score is rather disappointing considering their global background. Currently their total weighted score of 2. 18 is about 20% less than the industry average of 2. 5. They are not exploiting the opportunities in the food industry to their advantage neither are they combating the threats well. The most major opportunity staring them in the face is the rising market potential which has the highest weighted score of 0. 34, as the trend in Pakistan is moving towards fast-casuals. To handle this opportunity they must open up new outlets to cater to the untapped vicinities. Another opportunity that has a high score of 0. 3 is the peoples need for variety. The strategy for such an opportunity would be to add varieties like fancy beverages (e. g. cocktails and mocktails), sea-food and meat in their menu (available at Nandos outlets in other countries of the world). Of the threats, that needs their immediate attention is the rate with which new restaurants that â€Å"Pop-up†. To counter this Nandos must concentrate on increasing its efforts on rightly implementing their Focused Differentiation Strategy. They should further enhance their brand image to capture more loyal customers. Another threat which has a relatively high weighted score is the economic problems of Pakistan; the way this can be overcome is by establishing subsidiaries under another name. The third biggest threat with a weighted score of 0. 16 is that they have only one reliable supplier; they can definitely counter this via backward integration that would include farming their own chicken. Company and Competitor Analysis 1 Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) |Key Success factors | |NANDO’S |BBQ Tonite |Roasters |GunSmoke | | |Weight |Rating |Weighted Score | | | | | | |Strengths | | | | |Product – their Peri-Peri recipe |0. 20 |4 |0. 8 | |Strong brand personality |0. 07 |3 |0. 21 | |Ambience at the restaurant |0. 05 |3 |0. 15 | |Customer Loyalty |0. 02 |3 |0. 06 | |Marketing efforts towards the consumer base |0. 05 |3 |0. 15 | |Strong Supplier/Distribution system |0. 10 |4 |0. 4 | |Products have essential ingredients for a health life |0. 01 |2 |0. 02 | |Strong Background from Africa present till today |0. 01 |3 |0. 03 | |Selling Experience |0. 04 |4 |0. 16 | |Strong food concept |0. 02 |3 |0. 06 | |Strong Globalize Strategy – adaptive to culture |0. 06 |4 |0. 24 | |Creative and unique Menu |0. 02 |4 |0. 08 | | | | | | |Weaknesses | | | | |Low Marketing Budget |0. 08 |2 |0. 16 | |Stagnant Growth – Not penetrated |0. 15 |2 |0. 3 | |Communication system within dept- not strong |0. 04 |2 |0. 08 | |Weak Technological system in the Administration Department |0. 04 |1 |0. 04 | |No Beverage Variety |0. 04 |2 |0. 08 | |Total |1. 00 | |3. 02 | Analysis: The total weighted score of 3. 02 is 20. 8% more than the average industry weighted score. The reason for such a phenomenal score is their PERI PERI recipe which is their main strength with the highest weight. Basting, marinating and table sauces are usually the most important ingredients and they are definitely quiet effectively banking on this strength. Their delicious basting and marinating sauces still remain a mystery to the rest of the world. Along with this, they are handling all their strengths really well with the exception of their healthy ingredients, which they are handling in an average way, although, it has a low weight considering the psyche of Pakistanis, they can definitely improve their score by communicating the nutritional values of their ingredients. On the other hand, they are very poorly countering their weakness. Their main weakness is their stagnant growth with the highest weight and with only a sore of 2. There is no evidence, that they are willing to do anything about it as their outlets are still missing in the major cities of Pakistan, like Islamabad. They should definitely improve their growth rate and try to improve their marketing budget. This will definitely enhance their total weighted score. The strategies to improve the growth rate would include market development and product development via establishing more outlets and increasing the variety in their menu, respectively. Strategic Analysis and Recommendations 1 Generic Strategy [pic] Although, Nandos Pakistan claims to be following a Focused Differentiation Strategy, they haven’t really implemented it that well. Nandos Pakistan caters to that Niche market which requires a different taste and value and is prepared to pay the price for it. Their focus is entirely on the Upper Middle and Upper-Upper class. The strategies implemented by Nandos have not exactly catered specifically to this focused differentiation strategy. The company needs to make effort in targeting and communicating their real value to its specific set of consumers. Another contradiction in this strategy is that there is no outlet in Islamabad, Pakistan, where mostly the rich and the influential reside. Now is the time to really bank on the rising income disparity in the economy via increasing their prices. This will also attract more customers from upper-middle/high class, as it is quiet socially appealing for them to dine at expensive places. Nevertheless, Nandos offers only chicken items; this is in line with their current strategy. They should really check their strategic approach or correct their focus. Nandos should stick to its focused differentiation strategy. The following strategies have recommended for improving their strategic position: †¢ Increase their prices to capture a larger share of their current target market. †¢ Open up outlet in the major cities of Pakistan like Islamabad and Faisalabad. †¢ Effectively communicate their niche marketing strategy to their target audience to further emphasize what their brand actually stands for. †¢ Add value by offering an outstanding service which is unforgettable and unmatchable. ———————– ‘Nando’s is devoted to providing its customers appetite for life, who love to laugh and live to eat. At Nando’s we believe in our flame-grilled Peri-Peri Chicken, we believe it’s the best in the world. We aim to be the most successful grilled food restaurant in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve and to do so, Nando’s will meet its customer expectations through highest quality food prepared with leading technology and by hiring and retaining personnel with exceptional capabilities. We believe in offering quality and value to our customers and grow in such a way that creates profitability and value for shareholders and structure the society in such a way so as to improve the quality of life of the whole community. Our distinctive competence is our open style of informal restaurants, through the wonderful saying â€Å"Mi Casa so casa – My home is your home. ’ ‘Our vision is to be the first choice in grilled food restaurant business around the globe. ’ HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW Customer Home Delivery Dine-in Take-Away Kitchen Restaurant/Retail Outlet Store Warehouse in Pakistan Fries from McKainz Ketchup from Knorr Chicken from KnN’s Peri-Peri Sauces from South Africa.

Decantation Definition in Chemistry

In everyday life, the term decantation is usually associated with wine. Decanting is also a chemical laboratory process used to separate mixtures. In its simplest form, it just means allowing a mixture of solid and liquid or two immiscible liquids to settle and separate by gravity. This process can be slow and tedious without the aid of a centrifuge. Once the mixture components have separated, the lighter liquid is poured off, leaving the heavier liquid or solid behind. Typically, a small amount of the lighter liquid is left behind. In laboratory conditions, small volumes of mixtures are decanted in test tubes. If time is not a concern, the test tube is kept at a 45-degree angle in a test tube rack. This allows the heavier particles to slide down the side of the test tube while allowing the lighter liquid a path to rise to the top. If the test tube were held vertically, the heavier mixture component could block the test tube and not allow the lighter liquid to pass as it rises. A centrifuge can make the rate of separation go faster by simulating a great increase in the force of gravity. Some Mixtures That Can Be Decanted Oil and water: Oil floats on top of water. Decanting the mixture allows the oil to be poured off the water.Gasoline or kerosene and water:Â  This mixture is an example often cited as a safety hazard. Decanting a mixture containing flammable solvents can be dangerous, as the flammable material evaporates and forms dangerous fumes.Dirt and water:Â  Muddy water can be cleared up by decanting. The soil will sink to the bottom of the tube, allowing the clear water to be poured off.Wine:Â  Sediment from the fermentation process can produce an undesirable taste. Wine is decanted to separate the wine from these sediments.Cream and milk:Â  Cream is separated from milk by decantation. Cream rises to the top of the milk mixture and is easily skimmed off.Blood and plasma:Â  A centrifuge is necessary for this decantation. Plasma can be removed from blood by decantation.

Topics for Ecology Essays

Ecology is the study of the interactions and reciprocal influence of living organisms within a specific environment. Its usually taught in the context of biology, though some high schools also offer courses in Environmental Science which includes topics in ecology. Ecology Topics to Choose From Topics within the field can range broadly, so your choices of topics are practically endless! The list below may help you generate your own ideas for a research paper or essay. Research Topics How are new predators introduced into an area? Where has this happened in the United States?How is the ecosystem of your backyard different from the ecosystem of another persons backyard ecosystem?How is a desert ecosystem different from a forest ecosystem?What is the history and impact of manure?How are different types of manure good or bad?How has the popularity of sushi impacted the earth?What trends in eating habits have impacted our environment?What hosts and parasites exist in your home?Pick five products from your refrigerator, including the packaging. How long would it take for the products to decay in the earth?How are trees affected by acid rain?How do you build an ecovillage?How clean is the air in your town?What is the soil from your yard made of?Why are coral reefs important?Explain the ecosystem of a cave. How could that system be disturbed?Explain how rotting wood impacts the earth and people.What ten things could you recycle in your home?How is recycled paper made?How much carbon dioxide is released into the air every day because of fuel consumption in cars? How could this be reduced?How much paper is thrown away in your town every day? How could we use paper that is thrown away?How could each family save water?How does discarded motor oil affect the environment?How can we increase the use of public transportation? How would that help the environment?Pick an endangered species. What could make it go extinct? What could save this species from extinction?What species have been discovered within the past year?How could the human race become extinct? Describe a scenario.How does a local factory affect the environment?How do ecosystems improve water quality? Topics for Opinion Papers There is a great deal of controversy about topics that link ecology and public policy. If you enjoy writing papers that take a point of view, consider some of these: What impact is climate change having on our local ecology?Should the United States ban the use of plastics to protect delicate ecosystems?Should new laws be enacted to limit the use of energy produced by fossil fuels?How far should human beings go to protect ecologies where endangered species live?Is there ever a time when natural ecology should be sacrificed for human needs?Should scientists bring back an extinct animal? What animals would you bring back and why?If scientists brought back the saber-toothed tiger, how might it impact the environment?

The Impact Of Keynesian Theory On The Economy - 1805 Words

View In the world today there are three types of scenarios; either the economy is in a recession, economic stability or inflation. And when it’s in a Recessionary or Inflationary period the things the government must do to correct the situation to bring things back to normal before the situation becomes worst. Here we are going to try and understand the concept of the â€Å"Keynesian Theory† approach to â€Å"fixing† the economy and bring things back to normal. John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. His theory has been used throughout the years with great success. Keynes approach to a recession was that the public has lost in confidence in their government, has become frighten, and holds on to their money, which results in less spending. It becomes a vicious cycle of economic decline. According to Keynes the way to break this was for the government to spend money on bridges, roads and public works which in turn pumps money into the economy which in turn would put money back into the economy, create more jobs and the public would have more money to spend. This along with tax cuts would help â€Å"jump start† the economy. There are tools that the United States can use to expand the money supply. The Federal Reserve being the most common can buy U.S debts from banks which in turn would give the banks more money to loan. The second would be to loosen credit requirement, and a third would be to cut the prime lending rate to commercial banks.Show MoreRelatedKeynesian Theory During The Great Depression949 Words   |  4 PagesSince the establishment of the Keynesian theory during the Great Depression, there was a continuous rivalry between Keynesians and monetarists. 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Questions: What Is The Impact Of Advantageous Factors On The Consumer Perception Making In The Tourism Industry In India? What Is The Impact Of Disadvantageous Factor On The Consumer Perception Making In The Tourism Industry In India? How The Social Media Positive And Negative Factors Impact The Consumer Decision Making In The Tourism Industry In India? What Are The Recommendations For The Tourism Industry In India Regarding The Use Of Social Media For Its Promotion? Answers: Introduction In recent time the technological disruptive development has impacted many industries around the world in regards to the way of doing the business traditionally. There is great deal of dependency on the data or information in this industry. The people who are travelling, like to gather as much as possible information regarding their schedule, location and other facilities to reduce the risk associated with this process (Hudson and Thal, 2013). But there used to be gap in the information and that place is now currently fulfilled by the social median. In recent time the rapid internet penetration rate along with the increasing use of mobile devices created appropriate environment for the social media popularity. The information gap is fulfilled through the social media information source and this process also has high reliability as the information provider is the original user (Bramwell, 2011). Considering this the business in the tourism sector has to adapt with this situation by unde rstanding the positive and negative side of it. The project would evaluate the current tourism business in India and how it is impacted by the advantage and disadvantages of the social media network. Project Scope The specific design of the research would evaluate the advantage and disadvantage created by the new social media on the tourism industry. For the location, the research would focus on India which has a diverse population, language, culture and geographical area (Mishra et al., 2011). So the exploration and information need from a tourists perspective would also be diverse. It would be interesting to explore these needs and how the social media fits into this by creating advantages and disadvantages to the industry. Literature Review In India the technological advancement, increasing use of the mobile phones, increasing reach of mobile and internet connections has positively influenced the use of social media which in turn like many other industry also impacted the tourism industry. Consumer behaviour Social media network is the forum where people share their views, experience and opinion with their peers groups over the virtual technological platform (Fotis et al., 2012). On the other hand the traveller gives a great important to the other travellers account. So in the social media this becomes the base of interaction sometime (Sigala et al., 2012). The industries in this sector can use this factor and influence positive consumer behaviour where they can encourage their previous customer to share their experience on the platform. Image building and brand awareness In the social media the promotions are well targeted unlike the traditional media (Luo and Zhong, 2015). So a presence in the social media becomes a must for the tourism sectors. In India big of small venture in this sector has accepted this reality and interacts with their customer through this media. A sense of belonging is generated from these virtual communities and that is exploited by the sector to improve the awareness and image of the brands (Hvass and Munar, 2012). Time and cost saving In India most of the business in this sector is not too organised or running on low budget (Mishra et al., 2011). Under that circumstance they find it difficult to go for advertising through the traditional media. There the social media provides a good opportunity to such businesses to go online and promote their businesses through social media (Hudson and Thal, 2013). The activities on the social media are well targeted with much lower cost than the traditional media. On the other hand because of the ease of use the larger organisations also using this platform and that save a considerable time with more impact. Disadvantage Privacy became one of the important issues in the recent times. So any privacy rules violation can impact the organisations adversely. Like the positive word of mouth on the social media, the negative word of mouth also spread rapidly on this platform (Leung et al., 2013). So it can create damage to the brand fast in the short run. The necessity of the social media in Indian tourism sector is accepted but a proper dedicated approach can only make this process a success. The spammer or some ill intendment mind can easily spread negative message about any tourism company or brand over the online social media and can cause great damage to the brand (Luo and Zhong, 2015). Presence in the social network needs constant update from the tourism brand which could be demanding sometime (Sigala et al., 2012). The attention span of the consumer over this platform is very short so developing right content with fast attention seeking power becomes the challenges sometime (Fotis et al., 2012). Beca use of the huge interconnectedness, now the customers view lot of information on this platform and there the information overload is a real scenario. Research Questions/Hypothesis The literature review shows the advantageous and disadvantageous aspect of the social media. It also provided the information of the growing acceptance of the social median in the tourism industry. But there is a need of the impact measurement of the advantage and disadvantages. Considering this the research would focus on the following questions. Primary Question How much impact does theses advantageous and disadvantageous factors makes on the consumer decision making in the tourism industry? Research philosophy The current research is on the advantage and disadvantage of use of social media on the Indian tourism industry. Considering this the positivism philosophy is found to be most appropriate for the research. This philosophy is based on the actual observation and measurement to gather the factual knowledge (Cooper et al., 2006). The researcher only plays the role of data collector and the interpretation of those data is done through objective methods. Research approach Considering the positivism approach of the research the deductive approach is found to be most suitable for this current research (Bryman and Bell, 2015).The deductive approach of research is based on the existing theory. The literature review would produce that theoretical background. The impact of the social medias advantageous and disadvantageous factor on the Indian tourism industry is the subject of the research. Here the deductive approach of research would analysis the impact of those factor on the customer perception and decision making process by consulting the literature. Research design The research would use the qualitative and quantitative method to reach to its conclusion. The different positive and negative factors of social media in the Indian tourism industry would be analysed to understand the impact on the consumer perception about tourism brands. On the other hand how those things would influence different consumer decision making factors would also be analysed (Cooper et al., 2006). The qualitative and quantitative method in this regard would prove wide range of information to provide appreciate recommendation. Qualitative research The non numerical information would be gathered in the research through the qualitative research (Bryman and Bell, 2015).This approach would be useful in the research to have the general trend and opinion of the tourism industry in India regarding the social median use and its advantage and disadvantage. Research strategy The main research strategy for the qualitative research would be the interview process. Here the information gather from the industry experts would be useful for the trend and opinion determination (Zikmund et al., 2013). Here managers or the owners of different tour operating businesses would be interviewed for this process. Sampling technique The selection process of the managers or the owners of the tour operator would be done through the non probabilistic methods (Hair, 2007). That means they would be specifically selected according to the convenience of the research. Sample size For the current research six managers or owners of the tour operator would be appropriate. Quantitative research In this part of the research the numeric data would be required. From the qualitative research the general opinion and trend regarding use of social media in the Indian tourism industry would be understood (Zikmund et al., 2013). For the further specific understanding about the level of impact of those positive and negative factors the objective statistical quantifiable data is required. Research strategy In the quantitative part of the research the survey questionnaire would be used. In the survey questionnaire closed ended questions would be asked to gather the data which would be later analysed to produce quantifiable observations (Hair, 2007). The customer of this industry would asked these questions to develop the understanding about the level of impact of these positive and negative aspect of the social media use in the Indian tourism industry. The data would also be used to produce the insights about the impact it has in the consumer decision making process. Sampling technique In this part the customer of the tourism industry would be surveyed. The selection of the customer would be done through the probabilistic sampling method (Hair, 2015).That means the selection would be based on the random process. Sample size For the current research 80 consumer survey would be done. This size of sample would be useful for the development of the correct insights for the research. Data collection methods In the research the secondary as well as the primary method of data collection would be used. The secondary data are those which are already in existence. The sources like the books, journals, research articles, govt records which are relevant in this research would be used as the secondary sources of information (Saunders, 2011).On the other hand the primary sources of information would be the interview and survey information. These are the new sources of information. For the process of interview the questionnaire would be semi structured where some open ended and some closed ended questions would be there. This would help the research to find out the actual opinion and trend in the Indian tourism industry regarding the use of social median. Data analysis methods The collected data from the qualitative interview method would be analysed through the objective analysis. Here the patterns would be indentified from the replies of the managers or owner of the tour operator business (Sekaran and Bougie, 2016).The data gathered through the questionnaire would be analysed through the statistical approach. Research Limitations The main limitation of the research would be the time factor. Completing the research within the time period would be a difficult task (Saunders, 2011).On the other hand the budget of the research is also another constrain for the research. Time Schedule The project introduction is important as the starting approach of this process needs to be correct and that is why this process is given 1 week time period. For the project scope, purpose and objective analysis next week is dedicated and along with this process the relevant secondary data would also be collected within this time period (Sekaran and Bougie, 2016).Next week will be dedicated for the literature review as this will form the base for the research. Within in the literature review period the appropriate methodology for the research would also be decided. Primary data collection would be laborious process and there minimum 1 week would be required (Hair, 2015).After that nest two week would used for the data analysis and conclusion and recommendation development. Criteria Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Introduction Defining project objectives, scope and purpose For collecting the secondary type of data. For conducting review of the Literature Contemplating and developing appropriate Methodology for the research. Completing primary data collection For the completion of data analysis of the primary data For the development of the conclusion and recommendation Conclusion In recent time the business especially in the tourism industry are developing strategies for the social media purpose (Leung et al., 2013). The use of social media in this sector has increased. Many businesses have learned the right approach which is able to balance the advantage and disadvantage of this process. An actual impact analysis of these advantages and disadvantages on the perception of the customer and hence on their purchase decision making process in the Indian tourism industry, would helps to provide effective recommendations to the business for their social media strategy. Reference List Bramwell, B., (2011). Governance, the state and sustainable tourism: A political economy approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), pp.459-477. Bryman, A., and Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., and Sun, J. (2006).Business research methods(Vol. 9). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., and Rossides, N. (2012).Social media use and impact during the holiday travel planning process(pp. 13-24). Springer-Verlag. Hair, J. F. (2007). Research methods for business. Hair, J. F. (2015).Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Hudson, S., and Thal, K. (2013). The impact of social media on the consumer decision process: Implications for tourism marketing.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), 156-160. Hvass, K. A., and Munar, A. M. (2012). The takeoff of social media in tourism.Journal of Vacation Marketing,18(2), 93-103. Leung, D., Law, R., Van Hoof, H., and Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), 3-22. Luo, Q. and Zhong, D., (2015). Using social network analysis to explain communication characteristics of travel-related electronic word-of-mouth on social networking sites. Tourism Management, 46, pp.274-282. Mishra, P. K., Rout, H. B., and Mohapatra, S. S. (2011). Causality between tourism and economic growth: Empirical evidence from India.European Journal of Social Sciences,18(4), 518-527. Saunders, M. N. (2011).Research methods for business students, 5/e. Pearson Education India. Sekaran, U., and Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Sigala, M., Christou, E., and Gretzel, U. (Eds.). (2012).Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice and cases. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., and Griffin, M. (2013).Business research methods. Cengage Learning. 13).Business research methods. Cengage Learning