History- World War I and World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History- World War I and World War II - Essay Example The war formally started when Archduke Ferdinand, of Austria-Hungary was killed by Serbians on June 28, 1914. With this assassination, Austria declared war on Serbia and within days, Germany joined in, declaring war on first Russia then France. With the passage of time, other countries started entering the conflict with United States initially declaring that it would remain neutral. This neutrality policy however didn't work when United States noticed that its people were being killed by Germany and that the latter was resorting to unfair means. On April 6, 1917, United States finally joined the Allies against German forces. With United States and Britain launching massive military attacks against the Central Powers, Germany soon lost its powerful place in the war and by July of 1918, it was clear that Allies would win the war. The war came to an end when Allies defeated Germany at Argonne Forest Battle and the Treaty of Versailles was signed. United States did not want to join the conflict that had been rocking the world since 1914. Most Americans also supported government's policy and decided they wanted to stay out of war until 1917 when after a series of unfair German war tactics, President Woodrow Wilson decided to join the Allies and United States formally entered the war. The most important event that many believed triggered United States' entry was the 1915 sinking of British ocean liner Lusitania which resulted in the death of 128 Americans. This ship had been deliberately sunk by German soldiers to restrict and block the supply of food to British soldiers on the front. While the President had previously been remained staunchly against the war, he used some outrages like the sinking of the ship as an excuse to enter the war and secure victory for the Allies. It was for some a war by the kings against the kings. On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson called an extraordinary session of Congress. The word had al ready leaked out the President was considering joining the war and pacifist staunchly opposed this action. They blocked the roads that were to take President to the Capitol from the White House. But the Sixty-fifth session did finally take place without much trouble at the appointed day and time. The President addressed Congress and explained his reasons for entering the war. He said: "I have called the Congress into extraordinary session because there are serious, very serious, choices of policy to be made, and made immediately, which it was neither right nor constitutionally permissible that I should assume the responsibility of making. On the third of February last I officially laid before you the extraordinary announcement of the Imperial German Government that on and after the first day of February it was its purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that sought to approach either the ports of Great Britain and Ireland or the western coasts of Europe or any of the ports controlled by the enemies of Germany within the Mediterranean..The new policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind, whatever their flag, their character, their cargo, their destination, their errand,

WOMEN AND LAW Oral presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

WOMEN AND LAW Oral presentation - Essay Example wever, section 1(1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959 (as amended by Sexual Offences Act 2003, section 56, schedule 1, paragraph 2) states that â€Å"it shall be an offence for a common prostitute whether male or female to loiter or solicit in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution†. To understand whether Topaz’s activities qualify as an offence under Section 1(1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959 it is first essential to analyse whether Topaz qualifies as a â€Å"common prostitute†. The term â€Å"common prostitute† has not been defined by statute though it has been part of statute law since 1824. The term â€Å"common† was criticised during the debates on the Street Offences Bill, which became the Street Offences Act 1959. The Criminal Law Revision Committee Working Paper on â€Å"Offences relating to Prostitution and allied offences† published in December 1982 stated, inter alia, â€Å"the word ‘common’ should be removed from the expression, ‘common prostitute’†. In R. v. De Munck (1918) 82 J.P.160 CCA, the Court held that, â€Å"the term ‘common prostitute’ is not limited so as to mean only one who permits acts of lewdness with all and sundry, or with such as have her, when such acts are in the nature of ordinary sexual connection. We are of the opinion that prostitution is proved if it is shown that a woman offers her body commonly for lewdness for payment in return.† The decision was cited with approval by the same court in R. v. Webb [1964] 1 QB 357 where the proprietor of a massage establishment was found guilty of procuring and attempting to procure masseuses to become common prostitutes. The court followed De Munck and dismissed a contention that the definition should be confined to cases where a woman takes a passive rather than an active role in the lewd activities. In R. v. Morris-Lowe [1985] 1 ALL.E.R. 400, the court held that a â€Å"common prostitute was any woman who offered herself commonly for lewdness for reward. The

Assesment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assesment 2 - Essay Example In the health care setting for example, there are numerous forms of predicaments and this includes health care fraud. The sapping of financial resources in the health care system, along with several other consequences, problems associated with personnel development plans and shortage of competent staff are just few of the magnified issues. The concerns on fraud and abuse greatly affected the everyday life of health care personnel particularly the nurse practitioners; since these professionals are the â€Å"front liners† in terms of delivery of care. Nurse practitioners (NPs) can hardly go away from working in clinical environments; and this expose them further to fiscal issues of billing, reimbursement and revenue production issues. In other words, the described situation is somewhat stressful for them. Fraud is actually described as â€Å"any act, omission, expression, or concealment calculated to delude another individual,† Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law stated. Medicare and other government funded health benefit programs are usually the targets of these schemes. Billing for needless or the double billing schemes, unperformed tests, and kickbacks are few of the most common fraudulent activity that burden most patients;this is reported by the Social Security Act, Section 1128C reiterates that (a) of the designed the Health Care Fraud as well as Program for Abuse Control Program (Department of Justice, 2000). There are several approaches to address concerns in an organization. One very important is the evaluation of the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, as well as opportunities. If limitations in the human and/or financial resources are identified, it may be a necessity to provide attention to the organizations opportunities through the use of phased approach. On the other hand, based on the Economic and Social Research Council Strategic Plan, (2009; p 5-7). Extensive consultations are very necessary to identify areas of strategic

Effect of Vermiwash on Crop Growth Performance

Effect of Vermiwash on Crop Growth Performance GROUP MEMBERS: Introduction Panchagavya is an organic formulation, which is prepared out of unique combination of five products of cow viz., cow milk, curd, ghee, urine and fresh dung at appropriate quantities collected from lactating heifers. It is an organic plant liquid fertilizer. It is organic growths that act as a stimulant for all types of plants, milk producing animals such as cow and goat. Panchagavya is also a traditional method, used to safeguard plants and soil micro-organisms and to increase plant production. Panchagavya application is found to be more profitable than recommended fertilizer application and chemical spray. The modified versions used for organic farming have been standardized by experimental trials. The market demand for organic produce gave further momentum to the organic movement, and eventually sporadic attempts have been made to detoxify the land, dispense with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides, and grow crops organically. There was no organic substitute for these chemicals, yet the cause of organic agriculture picked up momentum. The current global scenario firmly emphasizes the need to adopt eco-friendly agricultural practices for sustainable agriculture. Chemical agriculture has made an adverse impact on the health-care of not only soil but also the beneficial soil microbial communities and the plants cultivated in these soils. This eventually has lead to a high demand for organic produce by the present-day health conscious society and sporadic attempts are being made by farmers all over the world to detoxify the land by switching over to organic farming dispensing with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides. Organic manure replaced chemical fertilizers, herbal extracts replaced pesticides and fungicides, but nothing was available to replace growth promoting hormones and immunity boosters for plants. The organic system was imperfect and continued to be incomplete for want of an input to replace growth- promo ting hormones and immunity boosters, to maximize the efficiency of cultivated crops and coordinate the process leading to sustained higher productivity. Materials 5 kg of cow dung 3 liters of cow’s urine I liter ghee 3 liters coconut water 2 liters milk 2 liters curd 3 kg molasses 12 bananas Preparation Method The cow dung was weighted and divided into two which consist only 2.5 kg. After that, the cow urine also been measured into 1.5 liters each. Later, the ghee was weighted to 500 ml. The ingredients was mixed in the 2 drum tongs and leave at the shady area without covered for 3 days After 3 days, the remained ingredient was added. The coconut water was measured into 1.5 ml each and mixed into 2 drum tongs. After that, 1 liter milk and curd was measured and added to each tongs. Later, 1.5 kg molasses was weighted and added. The molasses was a replacement for sugarcane juice. Last but not least, the 6 bananas were smashed and added into the tongs. All the ingredient was mixed thoroughly and carefully mixed for about 10 days. After 10 days, the panchagavya mixed had be diluted with water and can be sprayed to the plant. The diluted panchagavya was sprayed twice a day, in the morning and at evening. The dilution ratio: 3 liters of panchagavya: 97 liters water = 100 liters diluents Discussion Benefits Increases immunity of plants and other living organisms to fight diseases; cures already infested plants and other living organisms Stimulates growth of plants with more branches Sustains drought conditions Increases yield. Panchagavya for animal health Panchagavya is a living elixir of many micro organisms, bacteria, fungi, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, known and unknown growth promoting factors micronutrients trace elements antioxidant and immunity enhancing factors. When taken orally by animals and human beings, the living micro organisms in the Panchagavya stimulate the immune system and produce lot of antibodies against the ingested microorganisms. It acts like vaccine. This response of the body increases the immunity of animals and humans and thus helps to prevent illness and cures disease. It slows down the aging process and restores youthfulness. The other factors present in Panchagavya improve apetite, digestion and assimilation and elimination of toxins in the body. Constipation is totally cured. Thus the animals and humans become hale and healthy with shining hair and skin. The weight gains are impressive. Effect of Panchakavya Leaf Plants sprayed with Panchagavya invariably produce bigger leaves and develop denser canopy. The photosynthetic system is activated for enhanced biological efficiency, enabling synthesis of maximum metabolites and photosynthesis. Stem The trunk produces side shoots, which are sturdy and capable of carrying maximum fruits to maturity. Branching is comparatively high. Roots The rooting is profuse and dense. Further they remain fresh for a long time. The roots spread and grow into deeper layers were also observed. All such roots help maximum intake of nutrients and water. Yield There will be yield depression under normal circumstances, when the land is converted to organic farming from inorganic systems of culture. The key feature of Panchagavya is its efficacy to restore the yield level of all crops when the land is converted from inorganic cultural system to organic culture from the very first year. The harvest is advanced by 15 days in all the crops.It not only enhances the shelf life of vegetables, fruits and grains, but also improves the taste. By reducing or replacing costly chemical inputs, Panchagavya ensures higher profit and liberates the organic farmers from loan. Drought Hardiness A thin oily film is formed on the leaves and stems, thus reducing the evaporation of water. The deep and extensive roots developed by the plants allow withstanding long dry periods. Both the above factors contribute to reduce the irrigation water requirement by 30% and to ensure drought hardiness. References http://indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:johvolume=9issue=4article=004 (referred on 25/5/2015) Manual, P. Book on Panchagavya. 1–37 (referred on 25/5/2015) http://www.sciencepub.net/american/am0602/07_1124_paper_am0602.pdf (referred on 25/5/2015) http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093352911.html;jsessionid=E59D6E1B15DE2A342D36EF7BA3EAED0B (referred on 25/5/2015) http://panchagavya.in/ (referred on 25/5/2015) Vermiwash Introduction Vermiwas is a watery extract of compost, collected after water had passed down through several layers of waste in a barrel or container and also through a column of worm action which is very useful to crop producers. Furthermore, it is actually a collection of earthworm’s mucus secreation, excretory products together with micronutrients from the soil organic molecules. Physical characteristics of vermiwash is that it will appear as clear, transparent, pale yellow fluid provided it was collected properly. Sometimes it will turn to be honey-brown colour which is also commonly used in the agriculture field. Earthworms are the main agent that helps fasten the process of decomposting and reduce the period for the vermiwash to be ready. Main reason on why earthworms are being used is due to the coelomic fluid in their body which helps keeping the body wet and are always secreted by their body. Vermiwash originally derives from the coelomic fluid which was released by the earthworm a nd Coelomicites, Granulocites and Limphoidocites cells were found to be present in the coelomic fluid. Advantages of having those 3 cells are that it facilitates wound healing in earthworms and provide immune power to them. They are found to be protected from diseases caused pathogen due to the failure of pathogens in surviving in that fluid. Having added earthworms in the vermiwash helps decomposing organic matter and turning nutrients into a form available to plants. Earthworms fed on decaying plant and soil where they digest it and excrete it. Liquid consisting of nutriets such as calcium, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus are the excretion matter by the earthworms. this liquid makes up vermiwash hence helping plant to be able to absorb it. Objective To study the effect of applying vermiwash on the growth performance of the crop. Material and apparatus Barrel 100L Broken bricks Thick sand Earthworms Cowdung + soil + hay Cow urine Sprinkler Tap water Filter paper/ muslin cloth Procedure A barrel that can withhold 10 to 100 litres of liquid that comes intact with an outlet for the collection of vermiwash was prepared. In the barrel, different layers were placed from the bottom till the top . The first most layer which was placed at the base of the barrel was the washed and broken pieces of bricks which was prepared as a layer of 25 perccent length. After that, a layer of 25 percent of washed thick sand was added on the first layer. The third layer would be the cowdung soil and hay layer which were added on the thick sand layer. Next, tap water was used to spray on the layer bed and the wash off water will pass through the outlet of the barrel. The 5th procedure was then continued for around 2 to 3 days so that more wastes were washed out. Then, a species of earthworms were introduced into the side soil layer of 40-50 sq. ft and 10 percent layer of cowdung was added before the barrel was closed or covered using filter paper or muslin cloth. The sprayed water from above that had passed through perforated mud or metal pot with the capacity of 5 litre was collected from the bottom of the barrel. Finally, the vermiwash was ready to be used where it is suggested to use either as it is or by diluting it with water or 10 percent cow’s urine. Discussion Physic-chemical characteristics After the success production of vermiwash, the physic-chemical characteristics of the vermiwash can be measured. It is better to measure because it can determine or proves that the vermiwash that had been prepared manually have the correct range of physic-chemical characteristics. The first characteristics is the pH where it is normally around pH 6.9. the dissolved oxygen reading would be 1.14 ppm whereas its alkalinity is around 70.00 ppm. Other than that, vermiwash have 110.00 ppm levels for chloride and 177.00 ppm for sulfates content. Besides that, it had been recorded in previous study that the reading for inorganic phosphate was around 50.9 mg/l ahile its ammonical nitrogen was around 2.00 ppm. Furthermore, it had 69.00 level for potassium and 122.00 ppm for sodium content in the vermiwash. Application of Vermiwash The common practice to apply vermiwash can be either by pouring it onto the soil at the base of the plant or it can be sprayed at the leaves of the plant. It had been said that by spraying it onto the leaves, the epidermis of the leaves will be strengther or stronger thus decreasing the level of damage that had been caused by aphids and penetrating fungal spores. In large farms that had been practicing irrigation method as part of their water management for the crop, they can apply vermiwash using irrigation method for example in the drip system. Effect Of Vermiwash On The Quality and Yield Of Crops According to a recent findings, antibacterial properties can be found in the coelomic fluid produced by the earthworm body. previous studies had shown that the quality and quantity of yield had improved remarkablely after vermiwash was sprayed on the vegetables. Furthermore, even the foliage of the crop turned dense green in 2 to 3 days. Karuna et al. (1999) had studied on two different concentrations of vermiwash of Eudrilus eugeniae which was sprayed on anthuriums to study its effect. Findings of the study showed that the most effective percentage of vermiwash to be used was 50 percent which is good in inducing vegetative growth such as number of suckers, length, breadth of leaves, length of petiole and develop early flowering in plants. Next study done by Balam (2002) on biopesticidal properties of vermiwash produced using cowdung and vegetable wastes by inoculating earthworm species (E. foetida) in the laboratory also to determine the effect of using the vermiwash on cowpea for v mildew disease. Findings from the study showed that usage of 20 percent to 30 percent of vermiwash will cause the inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogenic test fungi. Vermicompost and vermiwash were proven to be able to control disease powdery mildew at 75.14 % rate when applied. On the other hand, another effective treatment was combining vermicompost, vermiwash and 10 % cow urine which said to be able to control disease at 73.37 % rate. Conclusion As a conclusion, there are many things found around us that can be turned into something useful for us humans. Daily, human produces many waste either at home, farm production and other activities. All those waste which were once simply being thrown away in the river, on empty land, and other places on earth that ends up polluting the environment can now be make use of. Methods had been discovered on how and what to be done with those waste that can benefits us all either by suppling nutrients to the soil or crop which is environmental friendly, made without a single harmful chemical, nutritious and more importantly, cheap to be produced compared by using the chemical fertilizer, pesticide, fungicide and others. The usage of worms which was known to be useful in the degradation of stuff helps in vermicomposting thus vermiwash. Proves can be found in journals and books done by researches that approves the usage of vermiwash which was said to be more beneficial towards producers, crops , soil and not to forget mother nature. Referrences The Complete Technology Book on Vermiculture and Vermicompost By NPCS Board of Consultants Engineers. (referred on 26/5/2015) Text Book Of Applied Zoology By P.V. Jabde. (referred on 26/5/2015) The Complete Technology Book on Vermiculture and Vermicompost By Niir Board. (referred on 26/5/2015) Verms Vermitechnology By Arvind Kumar. (referred on 26/5/2015)

Online Classes versus Traditional Classes Essay

Technology and education has given students many choices in how they obtain their education such as online classes. There have been numerous discussions recently about the success of online learning. The success of the online classes versus traditional classes is based upon the uniqueness of each individual way of learning. Online classes and traditional classes provide flexibility, direct communication and course materials. Studies have shown that online classes can be successful and that on average most students perform better than being in a traditional classroom. The argument of online classes and traditional classes; which is better than the other has many exceptional differences. One is the discussion of how does a person learn: is he a visual, auditory or kinesthetic learner? A visual leaner needs written materials, exercises and graphics. An auditory learner has to hear it, repeat it and needs to have a discussion. A kinesthetic learner needs real life simulations, hands on demonstration and needs to see how the principle works. Visual learners and kinesthetic learners most likely would be more successful in online courses because of the atmosphere it provides. Auditory learners would need to have traditional classes which would provide the best learning opportunity for their learning style. There are cases that individuals do not know how they learn best; an assessment should be given in the situation. The second discussion is flexibility. Online classes and traditional classes both can be just as flexible as the other. Online classes may seem more flexible but depending on the class the deadlines of each assignment may be very time consuming. Online classes sometimes provide more work than traditional classes. Traditional classes can be flexible due to the times that you select to take the classes. Schools are providing more night classes and early morning classes for the working and family-oriented students. Traditional classes provide more lecturing and sometimes more hands on in order to teach the concepts. The third discussion is communication. Online classes communicate by sending  and receiving emails. Some classes have chat rooms for discussions which provide the students opportunities to enrich their understanding of the course or subject being discussed. It also allows those individuals that normally would not speak in discussions to express their thoughts. The instant transfer of material is convenient for the students and professors to communicate. A traditional class allows students to verbally exchange ideas and ask questions directly to the professors. Sometimes this environment does not allow the students to fully express themselves due to time constraints. Some people feel that there are communication barriers in a face to face classroom setting due to time and class structure. (Anderson) One of the most important debates between the two classes is the course materials. The question has been asked if the online course is giving adequate material to teach an individual a lesson. Studies show that online professors give more than enough resources to express the subject and also gives practice graded material to ensure that the student understands. Traditional classes have been accused of doing the opposite and taking for granted that the students are in their presence and extra resources are sometimes a rarity. Online classes allow a person to minimize their distractions and it gives them the ability to fully concentrate on the material they are presented with. A person that enrolls in an online course should be self-motivated in order to be in an environment that requires the individual to monitor themselves and be responsible to handle the course as if it was a traditional course. (Kassop) Online courses provide the ability to be accessible at all times but the work that is required should be quality work. The students’ writing ability will enhance because this is their only form of communication. (Kassop) The professors do not expect students to procrastinate because of the accessibility but the possibility is there. The professors of these courses expect more from the online students since there are not time restraints. Online students have the ability to form small groups to relate to because the workload in online course is difficult. The workload is believed to be difficult be cause of the apparent reason of teaching themselves. Traditional classes allow students social interaction which is a vital piece for many students. There is a set amount of time in a classroom setting and there is limited one on one interaction with the professor. Professors have the ability to read their students body language to assure them if the material or concept is being understood by his or her students. Traditional classes also allow students to get behind if they miss a day or an assignment. The traditional classroom allows the students to strengthen various areas of their social skills such as verbally expressing themselves in classroom discussions. There are differences and similarities in online courses and traditional courses. Throughout are reading and research there can be two conclusions: 1. Online courses are better than traditional courses if the individual is discipline to take the course. 2. Online courses and traditional courses are just as good as the other because they both have the same goals and are achieving the goals to the students that are willing to receive. Works Cited Anderson, Terry, & Elloumi, Fathi Theory and Practice of Online Learning (eds.) (2003) http://cde.athabascau.ca/online_book Angiello, Roanne. â€Å"Study Looks at Online Learning vs. Traditional Instruction.† Education Digest 76.2 (2010): 56-59. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. Diaz, D.P.,& Cartnal. R.B. Students’ learning styles in two classes: Online distance learning and equivalent on-campus. College Teaching 47(4), 130-135 Kassop, Mark. The Technology Source. May/June 2003. 6 August 2011

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seventeen

Five days later, at sea This was not the first time Jack had crossed the Irish Sea. It was not even the second or the third. He wondered if the unease would ever leave him, if he would someday be able to look down at the dark, swirling waters below and not think of his father slipping beneath the surface, meeting his death. Even before he had met the Cavendishes, when his father was just a wispy figment in his mind, he'd disliked this crossing. And yet here he stood. At the railing. He could not seem to help himself. He could not be on the water and not look out. Out, and then down. It was a gentle voyage this time, although that did little to comfort him. It was not that he feared for his own safety. It was just that it all felt so morbid, skimming atop his father's grave. He wanted it done. He wanted to be back on land. Even, he supposed, if that land was Ireland. The last time he'd been home†¦ Jack pinched his lips together, and then he pinched his eyes shut. The last time he had been home was to bring back Arthur's body. It was the hardest thing he'd ever done. Not just because his heart had broken anew with every mile, and not even because he'd dreaded his arrival at home. How could he face his aunt and uncle, delivering to them their dead son? As if all that hadn't been enough, it was damned hard to move a body from France to England to Ireland. He'd had to find a coffin, which was surprisingly difficult in the middle of a war. â€Å"Supply and demand,† one of his friends told him after their first unsuccessful attempt to obtain a coffin. There were a lot of dead bodies strewn about. Coffins were the ultimate luxury on a battlefield. But he had persisted, and he'd followed to the letter the directions he'd been given by the undertaker, filling the wooden coffin with sawdust and sealing it with tar. Even then the smell eventually seeped through, and by the time he reached Ireland, no driver would take the cargo. He'd had to buy his own wagon to get his cousin home. The journey had disrupted his own life, too. The army refused his request to be allowed to move the body, and he was forced to sell off his commission. It was a small price to pay, to be able to do this one last service for his family. But it had meant that he'd had to leave a position for which he was – finally – a perfect fit. School had been a misery, failure after failure. He'd muddled through, mostly with help from Arthur, who, seeing his struggles, had come quietly to his aid. But university – good God, he still could not believe he'd been encouraged to go. He had known it would be a disaster, but Portora Royal boys went on to university. It was as simple as that. But Arthur was a year behind, and without him, Jack didn't have a prayer. Failure would have been too mortifying, so he got himself booted out. Not that it took much imagination to find ways to behave in a manner unbecoming of a Trinity College student. He had returned home, supposedly in disgrace, and it was decided that he might do well in the army. So off he went. It had been a perfect fit. Finally, a place he could succeed and thrive without books and papers and quills. It wasn't that he was unintelligent. It was just that he hated books and papers and quills. They gave him a headache. But that was all over, and now here he was, on his way back to Ireland for the first time since Arthur's funeral service, and he might be the Duke of Wyndham, which would ensure him a bloody lifetime of books and papers and quills. And headaches. He glanced off to his left and saw Thomas standing by the bow with Amelia. He was pointing toward something – probably a bird, since Jack could not see anything else of interest. Amelia was smiling, perhaps not broadly, but enough at least to ease some of the guilt Jack was feeling about the scene back at Belgrave when he had refused to marry her. It wasn't as if he could have done anything else. Did they really think he would roll over and say, Oh, yes, give me anyone! I'll just show up at the church and be grateful. Not that there was anything wrong with Lady Amelia. In fact, one could (and probably would) do much worse, if one were to be forced into marriage. And if he hadn't met Grace†¦ He might have been willing to do it. He heard someone approaching, and when he turned, there she was, as if summoned by his thoughts. She'd left off her bonnet, and her dark hair was ruffling in the breeze. â€Å"It's very pleasant out here,† she said, leaning against the railing next to him. He nodded. He had not seen much of her on the voyage. The dowager had elected to remain in her cabin, and Grace was required to attend to her. She did not complain, of course. She never complained, and in truth, he supposed she did not have reason to do so. It was her job, after all, to remain by the dowager's side. Still, he could not imagine a less palatable position. And he knew he could never have lasted in the post. Soon, he thought. Soon she would be free. They would be married, and Grace would never have to even see the dowager again if that was her desire. Jack did not care if the old bat was his grandmother. She was unkind, selfish, and he had no intention of exchanging another word with her once this was all through. If he turned out to be the duke, he would damn well buy that farm in the Outer Hebrides and send her packing. And if he wasn't, he planned to take Grace by the hand, lead her from Belgrave and never look back. It was a rather happy dream, to tell the truth. Grace looked down, watching the water. â€Å"Isn't it strange,† she mused, â€Å"how quickly it seems to move by.† Jack glanced up at the sail. â€Å"It is a good wind.† â€Å"I know. It makes perfect sense, of course.† She looked up and smiled. â€Å"It is just that I have never been on a boat before.† â€Å"Never?† It did seem difficult to imagine. She shook her head. â€Å"Not like this. My parents took me out rowing on a lake once, but that was just for merry.† She looked back down. â€Å"I have never seen water rushing by like this. It makes me wish I could lean down and dip my fingers in.† â€Å"It's cold,† Jack said. â€Å"Well, yes, of course.† She leaned out, her throat arching as she seemed to catch the wind on her face. â€Å"But I'd still like to touch it.† He shrugged. He ought to be more voluble, especially with her, but he thought he could see the first hint of land on the horizon, and his belly was clenching and twisting. â€Å"Are you all right?† Grace asked. â€Å"I'm fine.† â€Å"You look a bit green. Are you seasick?† He wished. He never got seasick. He was landsick. He didn't want to go back. He'd woken up in the middle of the night, stuck down in his small berth, clammy with sweat. He had to go back. He knew he did. But that didn't mean a very large part of him didn't want to turn coward and flee. He heard Grace's breath catch, and when he looked at her, she was pointing out, her face alight with excitement. It was quite possibly the most beautiful thing he'd ever seen. â€Å"Is that Dublin?† she asked. â€Å"Over there?† He nodded. â€Å"The port. The town proper is a bit farther in.† She craned her neck, which would have been amusing had he not been in such a wretched mood. There was no way she could have seen anything from this distance. â€Å"I've heard it is a charming city,† she said. â€Å"There is much to entertain.† â€Å"It's a pity. I don't expect we shall be spending much time there.† â€Å"No. The dowager is eager to be on her way.† â€Å"Aren't you?† she asked. At that, he took a breath and rubbed his eyes. He was tired, and he was nervous, and it felt as if he was being delivered to his downfall. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"To be honest, I'd be quite happy to stay right here, on this boat, at this railing, for the rest of my life.† Grace turned to him with somber eyes. â€Å"With you,† he said softly. â€Å"Here at this railing, with you.† He looked back out. The port of Dublin was more than a speck on the horizon now. Soon he would be able to make out buildings and ships. Off to his left he could hear Thomas and Amelia chatting. They were pointing out over the water, too, watching the port as it seemed to grow before their eyes. Jack swallowed. The knot in his stomach was growing as well. Good God, it was almost funny. Here he was, back in Ireland, forced to face his family, whom he'd failed so many years before. And if that weren't bad enough, he could very well find himself named the Duke of Wyndham, a position for which he was uniquely unqualified. And then, because no injury should ever be without insult, he had to do it all in the company of the dowager. He wanted to laugh. It was funny. It had to be funny. If it wasn't funny, then he'd have to bloody well go and cry. But he couldn't seem to laugh. He looked out at Dublin, looming larger in the distance. It was too late for laughter. Several hours later, at the Queen's Arms, Dublin â€Å"It is not too late!† â€Å"Ma'am,† Grace said, trying to be as calm and soothing as she could, â€Å"it is past seven. We are all tired and hungry, and the roads are dark and unknown to us.† â€Å"Not to him,† the dowager snapped, jerking her head toward Jack. â€Å"I am tired and hungry,† Jack snapped right back, â€Å"and thanks to you, I no longer travel the roads by moonlight.† Grace bit her lip. They had been traveling over three days now, and one could almost chart the progress of their journey by the shortness of his temper. Every mile that brought them closer to Ireland had taken a notch out of his patience. He'd grown silent and withdrawn, so wholly unlike the man she knew. The man she'd fallen in love with. They had reached the port of Dublin in the late afternoon, but by the time they collected their belongings and made their way into town, it was nearly time for supper. Grace had not eaten much on the sea journey, and now that she was back to standing on surfaces that did not pitch and roll beneath her, she was famished. The last thing she wanted was to press on toward Butlersbridge, the small village in County Cavan where Jack had grown up. But the dowager was being her argumentative self, so they were standing in the front room of the inn, all six of them, while she attempted to dictate the speed and direction of their journey. â€Å"Don't you wish to have this matter settled, once and for all?† the dowager demanded of Jack. â€Å"Not really,† was his insolent response. â€Å"Certainly not as much as I want a slice of shepherd's pie and a tankard of ale.† Jack turned to the rest of them, and Grace ached at the expression in his eyes. He was haunted. But by what, she could not guess. What demons awaited him here? Why had he gone so long between visits? He'd told her he had a lovely childhood, that he adored his adoptive family and would not have traded them for the world. Didn't everyone wish for that? Didn't he want to go home? Didn't he understand how lucky he was to have a home to return to? Grace would have given anything for that. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh,† Jack said, with a courteous nod. â€Å"Lady Amelia.† The two ladies bobbed their curtsies as he departed. â€Å"I do believe he has the right idea of it,† Thomas murmured. â€Å"Supper sounds infinitely more appealing than a night on the roads.† The dowager whipped her head toward him and glared. â€Å"Not,† he said with an extremely dry look, â€Å"that I am attempting to delay the inevitable. Even soon-to-be-dispossessed dukes get hungry.† Lord Crowland laughed aloud at that. â€Å"He has you there, Augusta,† he said jovially, and wandered off to the taproom. â€Å"I shall take my supper in my room,† the dowager announced. Her tone was defiant, as if she expected someone to protest, but of course, no one did. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh,† she barked, â€Å"you may attend to me.† Grace sighed wearily and started to follow. â€Å"No,† Thomas said. The dowager froze. â€Å"No?† she echoed, all ice. Grace turned and looked at Thomas. What could he mean? There had been nothing unusual about the dowager's order. Grace was her companion. This was exactly the sort of thing she had been hired to do. But Thomas stared down his grandmother, a tiny, subversive smile tugging at the corners of his mouth. â€Å"Grace will dine with us. In the dining room.† â€Å"She is my companion,† the dowager hissed. â€Å"Not anymore.† Grace held her breath as she watched the exchange. Matters between Thomas and his grandmother were never cordial, but this seemed to go quite beyond the usual. Thomas almost appeared to be enjoying himself. â€Å"As I have not yet been removed from my position,† he said, speaking slowly, clearly savoring each word, â€Å"I took the liberty of making a few last minute provisions.† â€Å"What the devil are you talking about?† the dowager demanded. â€Å"Grace,† Thomas said, turning to her with friendship and memories in his eyes, â€Å"you are officially relieved of your duties to my grandmother. When you return home, you will find a cottage deeded in your name, along with funds enough to provide an income for the rest of your life.† â€Å"Are you mad?† the dowager sputtered. Grace just stared at him in shock. â€Å"I should have done it long ago,† he said. â€Å"I was too selfish. I couldn't bear the thought of living with her† – he jerked his head toward his grandmother – â€Å"without you there to act as a buffer.† â€Å"I don't know what to say,† she whispered. â€Å"Normally, I'd advise ‘thank you,' but as I am the one thanking you, a mere ‘You are a prince among men' would suffice.† Grace managed a wobbly smile and whispered, â€Å"You are a prince among men.† â€Å"It is always lovely to hear it,† Thomas said. â€Å"Now, would you care to join the rest of us for supper?† Grace turned toward the dowager, who was red-faced with rage. â€Å"You grasping little whore,† she spat. â€Å"Do you think I don't know what you are? Do you think I would allow you in my home again?† Grace stared at her in calm shock, then said, â€Å"I was about to say that I would offer you my assistance for the rest of the journey, since I would never dream of leaving a post without giving proper and courteous notice, but I believe I have reconsidered.† She turned to Amelia, holding her hands carefully at her sides. She was shaking. She was not sure if it was from shock or delight, but she was shaking. â€Å"May I share your room this evening?† she asked Amelia. Because certainly she was not going to remain with the dowager. â€Å"Of course,† Amelia replied promptly. She linked her arm through Grace's. â€Å"Let us have some supper.† It was, Grace later decided, the finest shepherd's pie she'd ever tasted. Several hours later, Grace was up in her room staring out the window while Amelia slept. Grace had tried to go to sleep, but her mind was still all abuzz over Thomas's astounding act of generosity. Plus, she wondered where Jack had gone off to – he'd not been in the dining room when she and Thomas and Amelia arrived, and no one seemed to know what had happened to him. Plus plus, Amelia snored. Grace rather enjoyed the view of Dublin below. They were not in the city center, but the street was busy enough, with local folk going about their business, and plenty of travelers on their way into or out of the port. It was strange, this newfound sense of freedom. She still could not believe that she was here, sharing a bed with Amelia and not curled up on an uncomfortable chair at the dowager's bedside. Supper had been a merry affair. Thomas was in remarkably good spirits, all things considered. He had not said anything more of his generous gift, but Grace knew why he'd done it. If Jack was found to be the true duke – and Thomas was convinced this would be the case – then she could not remain at Belgrave. To have her heart broken anew, every day for the rest of her life – that, she could not bear. Thomas knew that she'd fallen in love with Jack. She had not said so, not expressly, but he knew her well. He had to know. For him to act with such generosity, when she'd gone and fallen in love with the man who might very well be the cause of his downfall – It brought tears to her eyes every time she thought of it. And so now she was independent. An independent woman! She liked the sound of that. She would sleep until noon every day. She would read books. She would wallow in the sheer laziness of it all, at least for a few months, and then find something constructive to do with her time. A charity, perhaps. Or maybe she would learn to paint watercolors. It sounded decadent. It sounded perfect. And lonely. No, she decided firmly, she would find friends. She had many friends in the district. She was glad she would not be leaving Lincolnshire, even if it did mean that she might occasionally cross paths with Jack. Lincolnshire was home. She knew everyone, and they knew her, and her reputation would not be questioned, even if she did set up her own home. She would be able to live in peace and respectability. It would be a good thing. But lonely. No. Not lonely. She would have funds. She could go visit Elizabeth, who would be married to her earl in the South. She could join one of those women's clubs her mother had so adored. They'd met every Tuesday afternoon, claiming they were there to discuss art and literature and the news of the day, but when the meetings were held at Sillsby, Grace had heard far too much laughter for those topics. She would not be lonely. She refused to be lonely. She looked back at Amelia, snoring away on the bed. Poor thing. Grace had often envied the Willoughby girls their secure places in society. They were daughters of an earl, with impeccable bloodlines and generous dowries. It was odd, really, that her future should now be so well-defined while Amelia's was so murky. But she had come to realize that Amelia was no more in control of her own fate than she herself had been. Her father had chosen her husband before she could even speak, before he knew who she was, what she was like. How could he know, looking upon an infant of less than one year, whether she would be suited for life as a duchess? All of her life, Amelia had been stuck, waiting for Thomas to get around to marrying her. And even if she did not end up marrying either of the two Dukes of Wyndham, she'd still find herself obliged to follow her father's dictates. Grace was turning back toward the window when she heard a noise in the hall. Footsteps, she decided. Male. And because she could not help herself, she hurried to her door, opened it a crack, and peered out. Jack. He looked rumpled and tired and achingly heartsick. He was squinting in the dark, trying to figure out which room was his. Grace-the-companion might have retreated back into her room, but Grace-the-woman-of-independent-means was somewhat more daring, and she stepped out, whispering his name. He looked up. His eyes flared, and Grace belatedly remembered that she was still in her nightgown. It was nothing remotely risque; in fact, she was far more covered than she would have been in an evening dress. Still, she hugged her arms to her body as she moved forward. â€Å"Where have you been?† she whispered. He shrugged. â€Å"Out and about. Visiting old haunts.† Something about his voice was unsettling. â€Å"Really?† she asked. â€Å"No.† He looked at her, then rubbed his eyes. â€Å"I was across the street. Having my shepherd's pie.† She smiled. â€Å"And your pint of ale?† â€Å"Two, actually.† He smiled then, a sheepish, boyish thing that tried to banish the exhaustion from his face. â€Å"I missed it.† â€Å"Irish ale?† â€Å"The English stuff is pig swill by comparison.† Grace felt herself warming inside. There was humor in his eyes, the first she'd seen in days. And it was strange – she'd thought it would be torture to be near him, to be with him and hear his voice and see his smile. But all she felt now was happiness. And relief. She could not bear it when he was so unhappy. She needed for him to be him. Even if he could not be hers. â€Å"You should not be out here like this,† he said. â€Å"No.† She shook her head but did not move. He grimaced and looked down at his key. â€Å"I cannot find my room.† Grace took the key from him and peered at it. â€Å"Fourteen,† she said. She looked up. â€Å"The light is dim.† He nodded. â€Å"It is that way,† she told him, pointing down the hall. â€Å"I passed it on the way in.† â€Å"Is your room acceptable?† he asked. â€Å"Large enough for both you and the dowager?† Grace gasped. He did not know. She'd completely forgotten. He had already left when Thomas gave her the cottage. â€Å"I'm not with the dowager,† she said, unable to conceal all of her excitement. â€Å"I – â€Å" â€Å"Someone's coming,† he whispered harshly, and indeed, she heard voices and footsteps on the stairs. He started to steer her back to her room. â€Å"No, I can't.† She dug in her heels. â€Å"Amelia is there.† â€Å"Amelia? Why would she – † He muttered something under his breath and then yanked her along with him down the hall. Into Room 14.

Perspectives in world art and design

Perspectives in world art and design Brief biography Giotto Di Bondone was a reknowned italian architect and painter who lived between July 1266 and january 1337.1 In his most popular name, it is worth to refer to him as one of the most prolific artists who were utterly important in the renaisance of Italy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives in world art and design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Giotto came up with contemporary pieces of paintings in his time. He was highly reputed due to the drawing of figure postures which were inseparable with the realities of nature. Historical research records indicate that Giotto was born at Romimignano which was a very sympolic farmhouse on top of a hill. This explains the honour attached to his birthplace. Indeed, the commercial publications which assert this special feature of Giotto (the artist) would lose value without this phenomenal inclusion. The artistic life of Giotto was not merely full of t hese unique characteristics. His father Bondone was a well known personality. He had achieved an admirable status of a life which had a good stand in society. Despite the fact that the society of that time kept keen records of all individuals, Giotto was able to come up with an amicable stability. The fact that he was a son to a blacksmith happened to be a valuable outfit which positioned him to grow into an intelligent and adorable artist. Giotto was alo known to be a highly gifted painter during his tender years.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He would draw very magnificent pictures of sheep and other animals.2 This was a clear indication of how much he was endowed with an inherent talent. Artists argue that an artistic brain cannot be concealed by the circumstances of a person’s life. Art is comparable to some form of fire which burns out of the heart of its beholder. Giotto was taken to art workshops where he was able to appreciate his skill right from the level of an apprentice. What makes his paintings different from byzantine style artist The artistic works of Goitto have a profound feture of excellence. It is possible to compare and contrast his productions with the works of most byzantine artists.3 On top of the fact that Giotto painted with a great influence of the happenings of nature, it is evident that his skill was differentiated from that of the byzantine styles. Giotto was well established in the technique of making accurate and precise paintings from the occurences of real life.4 His technique was a revival of an historical technique of making drawings by the use of deductions from the natural existence of life. Giotto had a style of making paintings which were in line with the happening during his time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives in world art and design specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He built his creativity on his way of life and therefore came up with paintings which showed the major happenings which sirrounded the society. A good example is the Frescoes he made for the upper church. The artistic commisions of his work here were a represntation of the documents that the Basilica church was up for divisions. He was describing the activities of the church. He showed the overshadowed happenings which were part of the congregation.5 This timely style of taking opportunities as an artist are not found in the byzantine style of art. Most byzantine art works are concrete in accordance to the creativity of individual artists.6 In the midst of the influence which came up with Byzantine, many artists did art on the basis of the setup of the society. This was as a result of their openness to the influence. Giotta’s pictures are distinguished from these by the possession of a theme of diversity. The paintings have a way of showing the intends of the artist without borrowing from any external features. The byzantine styles show aspects of depicting the importance of art in communication.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Describe the epiphany by example using the visual analysis technique The Epiphany gives a dependable foundation for anyone who is ready to analyze art. This work by Goitta is part of his series on the series of the life of Christ. It is one of the altar covers which were established for the church at Santa Croce. Goitto produced a classic representation of his story by using this form of drawing. The object has been formed through the use of a uniform stroke of brushes. The painting of this object was carried on using a specific choice of procedures. This is shown by the fact that the elements of the final work are clearly shown. It is possible to transit from one part of the painting to the other since individual elements of the diagram. This diagram can be gauged as large painting. Although it has been produced in a relatively small size it is should be noted that this is a small picture. On a general viewpoint, the painting is quite eye catching and symbolic of classical art. On the other hand, the Madonna and child image presents a commanding representation of beauty and elegance. There in Goitto manages to communicate the theme of the baby as a savior according to biblical accounts. Space has been created and utilized accordingly. The figure comes out clearly in contrast to the space around it. This image has a model stature which brings out the expressions of Goitta. Explanation of the story being told in Giotto’s painting It is important to note that Epiphany is one of the highest quality paintings found in Metropolitan museum in New York.7 Notably, the work of art in its fullness of form is very informative and therefore it presents a religious theme. In order to understand the story being told in the painting, it is essential to explain briefly what the painting entails. From a careful observation of the painting, one can analyze that on the lower edge of the panel, the king kneels at the center of the altar to worship the new born child. 8 The refore, this painting explains about the time when Jesus Christ was born and the wise men came to worship him with gifts. Moreover, the painting further expound on the fact that the wise men came with numerous gifts made of Gold, Frankincense and myrrh.9 Nevertheless, from the story, numerous sources give different explanation and meaning of the gifts. For instance, according to the holy Bible especially in the New Testament, different scriptures give dissimilar-r theological significance of the gifts. In this case, the gift of Frankincense, according to Hebrews 4:14 symbolizes a great and a high priest.10 Moreover, according to the same scripture, myrrh signifies a paschal lamb of sacrifice for the sins of people in the world. However, other scriptures such as John, Luke, Mark and Mathew only mention the gifts but do not explain their significance. 11 Additionally, the magi have their own understanding of the gifts and other symbols portrayed in the painting. From a careful review of literature, one can argue that the magi have a hymn that portrays the theological significance of the gifts and the value attached to their Lord. According to the Magi, the gifts of gold signify that Jesus Christ is the new king. Moreover, they also perceive the Frankincense and myrrh to signify that Jesus is not only the king but also the God and a sacrifice for the sins of the world. In line with this, it is notable that the painting contains numerous characters making it more expansive and informative. Needless to say, the background of the painting can be divided into four major planes in order to analyze the characters with ease. The first plane is that at the top of the painting where we see four angles who seems engaged in their own activities. Moreover, on the left corner of the painting, there are wise men standing by the side warmly dressed. At the center we see a king kneeling to worship the newly born Baby. Additionally, we see Virgin Mary and her Husband Joseph stand ing by the side with their child at the center. Note that all the characters portrayed in the picture helps the audience to obtain sharper details of what the picture is all about.12 Needless to say, the arrangement of the characters in the picture is a bit concise giving it an expansive look. However, there is a little overlapping. The origin of the story was a commemoration of the Jews about the birth of Jesus Christ. Therefore, this story originates from the religious belief among the Jews on the revelation of the prophecy that a king will be born and he will be the messiah. 13 As mentioned earlier in this section, the figures on the top left corner of the painting are angels. Comparing the works of art by Giotto and Bellini in terms of form, weight and negative space used It is certain that Giotto has been regarded by late renaissance artists as the father of western art. This is due to the fact that he took a bigger step to embrace the spirituality style, a factor that changed the direction of art legacy. Notably, Giotto had a unique way of doing works of art that was easy to convince people on matters related to religious beliefs. In this case, artist of the late renaissance era emulated him and hence their works have common aspects.14 One of the notable artists who emulated Giotto’s style is Jacopo Bellini who produced a painting of the same style titles â€Å"the virgin and child† in 1465. One of the similarities of their works of art is the sensitivity and use f color styles in their painting. Both Bellini and Giotto have used slow-drying and clear paints in their pictures. Notably, their pictures exhibit a beautiful works that portrays their very master of artistic skills. Needless to say, both of the paintings are expansive and have a splendor that produces a radiating effect due to the color choice. Note that proper choice of color allows the audience to figure out every detail that exists in the picture. Moreover, this gives captures the true feeling and divine conservation of nature In addition to this, it is arguable that both painters have their work portraying a dynamic spatial equilibrium form the fact that the figures are arranged rhythmically both in shape and line. For this reason, the audience is able to interact freely with the figures portrayed in the pictures since they give room for an impressive view. Moreover, it is arguable that both painters have their work portraying a dynamic spatial equilibrium form the fact that the figures are arranged rhythmically both in shape and line. For this reason, the audience is able to interact freely with the figures portrayed in the pictures since they give room for an impressive view. Furthermore, evidence has shown that the artists gives equal weight to their work of a-rt. Needless to mention this, both Giotto and Bellini have high quality skills to express matters of divinity by the way they arrange their figures in the pictures. For instance, Giotto portray s the angels at the top with their arms thrown out almost flying to the scene where the child is born. Additionally, he portrays the wise men bending over in front of the child, an aspect that demonstrates spirituality and respect for a sacred being. On the other hand, Bellini paints a virgin woman holding a child with adorations. In this case, one can argue that the artists give weight to their artistic works to express emotion not just through movements but also the facial expressions of characters in the picture. It is imperative to note that the artist naturally make use of available space giving the pictures a neat look. Note that the paintings looks more imposed while viewing them at a glance. In this case, they make good use of negative background and this makes the figures to appear spontaneously free. In addition to this, the objects in the pictures despite the fact that they appear free and independent, they portray some sense of unity, a factors that enables them to bring out the desired message to the audience. Of essence to note it is that the artist skills give their work a sense of infinite beauty and naturalism. Nonetheless, the fact that Bellini imitated Giotto’s artistic styles, that does not deny his work a truthful representation of its originality. This is due to the fact that works of art is not a matter of imitation but the appearance that makes it distinct from the rest. Bibliography Corrain, Lucia. The Art of the Renaissance. New York: The Oliver Press, Inc., 2008. Giotto.Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004.† Encyclopedia.com. Last modified Jun. 25 2012 https://www.encyclopedia.com/. Ladis, Andrew. Giottos O: Narrative, Figuration, and Pictorial Ingenuity in the Arena Chapel. New York: Pennsylvania State UP, 2009. Perkins, Mason. Giotto. New York, Vintage Books, 2010. Pierpont, John. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Guide to the Loan. New York: BiblioLife, 2010. Quilter, Harry. Giotto. London: Nabu Press, 2012. Footnotes 1Harry Quilter, Giotto. (London: Nabu Press, 2012), 67. 2 Ibid., 59. 3Lucia Corrain, The Art of the Renaissance. (New York: The Oliver Press, Inc., 2008), 78. 4Mason Perkins, Giotto. (New York, Vintage Books, 2010), 129. 5 Ibid., 231. 6John Pierpont, The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Guide to the Loan. (New York: BiblioLife, 2010), 85. 7 Andrew Ladis, Giottos O: Narrative, Figuration, and Pictorial Ingenuity in the Arena Chapel. (New York: Pennsylvania State UP, 2009), 64. 8 John Pierpont, The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Guide to the Loan. (New York: BiblioLife, 2010), 72. 9 Lucia Corrain, The Art of the Renaissance. (New York: The Oliver Press, Inc., 2008), 102. 10 11 12Andrew Ladis, Giottos O: Narrative, Figuration, and Pictorial Ingenuity in the Arena Chapel. (New York: Pennsylvania State UP, 2009), 64. 13 Ibid., 46. 14 Giotto, Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004.† Encyclopedia.com.