The Methods For Preventing Pregnancy - 1573 Words

Humans throughout history have been using different methods to prevent pregnancy. Humans started experimenting with different â€Å"natural† methods to take care of themselves, a good example is back in 1850 BCE Egyptians described how women used to introduce a device made of crocodile dung and fermented dough in their vagina. Other contraceptives methods that Egyptians used such as honey, placed plugs of gum and acacia in the vagina. Another example is Ancient Romans used a highly acidic concoction of fruit and nuts in the vagina. While these societies were trying to create different contraceptive methods, they came up with the barrier method which means that something was placed over the cervix to stop the movement of sperm to the fallopian tubes. These are the first examples that societies without any clue of knowing how to take care of themselves practiced. There were many methods that did not work such as coitus interruptus or withdrawal the penis from the vagina before e jaculation. Even though this method is not effective there are many people nowadays that still practice this method. Condoms is one of the most effective methods that was invented about 3,000 years and have been made from different materials as cloth, animal intestines and fish bladders. As condoms are used to prevent diseases, as Ancients Egyptian and Ancient Romans used them to prevent diseases as Syphilis. Condoms have been produced in the United States since 1840 and currently condoms are the secondShow MoreRelatedUsing Artificial Methods Or Other Methods For Preventing Pregnancy As A Consequence Of Sexual Intercourse Become Norm?961 Words   |  4 PagesThe deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse become norm in 21st century, though in 20th century American society, it was debatable. In New York in 1920, a debate about birth control took place between Margaret Sanger and Winter Russel. They argued on the following issue â€Å"Resolved, that the spreading of birth control knowledge is injurious to the welfare of humanity.† Even though, the main core of the debate was about theRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pages11/20/2017 Teen Pregnancy The fearless of all parents who have teenagers is pregnancy. Nowadays, teen pregnancy is a serious problem. Teenage have a lack of skills to handle a pregnancy. So that impact strongly on the future of a young woman. Teen pregnancy is associated with negative consequences for adolescents for three reasons: lack of education, medical complication, uncertainty about the future, and financial difficulties. First, the main causes of teenage pregnancy are the lack of educationRead MoreThe Issues Associated With Women s Rights1377 Words   |  6 PagesDictionary) birth control is to control of the number of children or offspring born especially by preventing or lessening the frequency of conception. (Merriam-Webster) The government should continue to allow women access to contraceptives because it reduces abortion, benefit to women, and prevents unwanted pregnancies. In the United States more than 90 percent of abortions occur because of unintended pregnancies. A study named the Contraceptive Choice Project conducted a research with a total of 9,256Read MoreWomen s Right Birth Control1633 Words   |  7 Pagesappropriate like getting married and having children while giving up their right to receive an education or go to work. Women who were not ready to have children at that time relied on birth control which is a contraceptive that is used to prevent pregnancies. Many women found themselves battling the issue of their sexual lives been put into question simply because they chose to use birth control. Author Rickie Solinger stated â€Å"many believe that a woman’s decision to get pregnant or not, and to haveRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1023 Words   |  5 PagesDoes access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy? Adolescent pregnancies remain a concern in public health worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has indicated that annually about 16 million girls between 15 and 19 give birth. Indeed, in many countries policies and programs are developed and implemented for the prevention of teen pregnancy and reduction of risks and consequences it might cause. Furthermore, that a teenager becomes pregnant poses a risk to her health, her life and the fetusRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates By Jacqueline Sedgwick s Article, American Adolescents And Emergency Contraceptive Pill Access843 Words   |  4 Pagesis teen pregnancy rates. In fact, â€Å"teen sexual activity, pregnancy, and childbearing are associated with substantial social, economic, and health costs† (Sedgwick). However, this problem is not one without a solution. The rise of teen pregnancy rates can be prevented and reversed by providing better access to birth control for teens, eliminating the negative connotation that accomp anies abstinence, and implementing more efficient sex education in public schools. One solution to preventing teen pregnancyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy During U.s. And U.k986 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage Pregnancy in U.S. and U.K. Unplanned teenage pregnancy has been a problem in the U.S. and U.K. for many years. While both countries have taken measures to prevent this, it is still an issue. Gerard Lemos, author of Give Parents an Incentive, discusses how the U.K. government has been attempting to reduce the rates of teenage pregnancy. Lemos writes about the problems that teenagers face when they have children so young. One of the main issues brought up is the fact that young parents doRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities1059 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities Dr. Maria Reid Florida International University Friday, June 17, 2016 Vanessa Romano Stephanie Maquieira Teenage pregnancy has been viewed as an issue for many years, not only for teenage mothers but for babies as well. Much importance has been placed on this subject for the reason that although these rates are declining, they remain elevated. The United States represents over 600,000 American teen pregnancies every year, making this the highestRead MoreIncreased Rates of Teen Pregnancy among Minorities1547 Words   |  6 PagesIncreased rates of teen pregnancy among minorities The incidence of teen births in the United States has reached a historic all time low throughout the last couple of years but teen girls are still giving birth to 1700 babies a week. However, minorities are still amongst the highest group of teenagers having children among the age group between 15 and 19 years of age. The highest ethnic groups were comprised of Hispanics and Non-Hispanic blacks making up 57% of all US teen births in 2011, accordingRead MoreCauses Of Teen Pregnancy1232 Words   |  5 Pagesreported. The United States is no exception to this. They are number one for many issues. Among these is the U.S. has the highest teen pregnancy rates. The causes of teen pregnancy in the United States today include substance abuse; broken homes; changes in society; and poor sexual education. For the most part, substance abuse is a leading cause of teen pregnancy. Those who abuse substances like drugs and alcohol do not have the sharpest minds. Their judgement is clouded which prevents them from

A Historical Context Of Reinforcement - 2347 Words

Part A: Historical Context of Reinforcement In the behavioral science the term, reinforcement signifies strengthening a behavior. Many learning theories consist of some form of strengthening or weakening a behavior, in which withholding or presenting reinforcement may decrease or increase the future occurrence of a behavior (Skinner, 1953). The application of reinforcement varies between theorists and the type of learning implied. Ivan Pavlov (1928) demonstrated the use of reinforcement was connected between the pairings of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and a conditioned stimulus (CS). Pavlov’s experiments consisted of presenting meat powder, an unconditioned stimulus to a dog and as a result the dog produced salivation. A bell tone,†¦show more content†¦His subjects were placed in a puzzle box and Thorndike timed how long it took for the cats to escape. Throughout the experiment, the cats found a lever that opened the cage door. After their escape, Thorndike placed the cats back into the cage and after repeated trials the cats learned that pressing the lever would result in a satisfying consequence. The cats’ behaviors of opening the lever were reinforced by the favorable consequence of escape. His work led to the development of instrumental conditioning, which focuses learning from the consequences of responses. Ten years after his first study, the notion of response reinforcement w as introduced through the â€Å"Law of Effect†, which stated, â€Å"responses made to the same situation, those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur† (Thorndike, 1911, p. 250). Essentially, a response that is followed by a favorable consequence is likely repeat and a response that is followed by an aversive consequence will not reoccur. B.F. Skinner modified Thorndike’s law of effect principle into what Skinner (1938) called the term, operant conditioning, in which through the application of reinforcement, a behavior changes for a more desire response. Skinner (1948) observed operant conditioning through his experiment

Persepolis The Iranian Revolution And The Western World

Persepolis is a graphic novel that depicts what it was like growing up first hand in Iran during the 1980s’. Through the eyes of main character and author, Marjane Satrapi, the effects of the Western world and the Iranian Revolution are demonstrated to be consistently evolving and influencing Marjane’s childhood. The Iranian Revolution’s outcomes especially. In the beginning, Marjane is considered to be a very religious child who speaks to God all the time, loves to read and wanted to be a prophet when she was grown. As the novel progressed, Marjane’s personality and religious outlooks begin to change significantly from what they were originally. The tensions that built up over the course of the revolution not only shaped the cultural and political relationships between the Iranian world and the Western world, but also shaped what Marjane’s childhood was. Marjane grew up during a time period where things were starting to become especially poor for the Iranian people. Beginning in 1979 when Mohammed Reza Shah flees after being over-thrown by Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Iran changes from being one of the most secular states to an Islamic-state rather quickly. Being suddenly segregated from her male friends and vailed as they were considered to be capitalist symbols, Marjane’s outlooks were just beginning to shape as well as change. Abruptly images of Shah were outlawed and being destroyed, his pictures ripped from their books; any who worked for him could faceShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Iranian Revolution1375 Words   |  6 PagesIranian Revolution was its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by its supports. Supporters of the revolution were very mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader for Iran an d wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install an IslamicRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution And The Revolutionary Revolution1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iranian Revolution was its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by its supports. Supporters of the revolution stood mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader of Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install an IslamicRead MoreCultural Acceptance in Marjane Satrapis Persepolis1616 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Acceptance in Persepolis Marjane Satrapi‘s graphic novel Persepolis  is an  autobiography that  depicts her childhood up to her early adult years in  Iran  during and after the  Islamic revolution.  Throughout the novel Satrapi incorporates character development, religion, and the conflict of freedom vs. confinement in order to develop a greater appreciation between two opposing eastern and western cultures. When analyzing the current relationship between eastern and western cultures, it seemsRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution Of Iran1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iranian Revolution was at its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by it’s supports. Supporters of the revolution stood mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader of Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install anRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis: A Personal Version and Vision of the Iranian Revolution1341 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis: Marjane Satrapis personal version and vision of the Iranian Revolution Marjane Satrapis Persepolis is a graphic novel that suggests that there is a sharp discrepancy between the world of the Iranian Revolution, as depicted in the Western media, versus how many Iranians experienced it in the context of their own lives. Satrapi was the product of a liberal home environment. Behind closed doors, the life the young Marjane led was often very different from the images of burka-wearingRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesWestern culture has often misperceived the east and the way that their society functions. In Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis, Satrapi uses graphic novels as a way to demonstrate to the western culture how the east has been misrepresented. The use of media helps to depict to the west how their views of the east may have been unfairly formed in the past. The media has only revealed limited knowledge that only shows partial perspectives because it is difficult to get perspectives of the minorities althoughRead MorePersepolis Context Analysis908 Words   |  4 PagesPersepolis is an autobiographical graphic novel, visually portraying the life of Marjane Satrapi and her experiences growing up in turmoils times. The novel recounts the stages in her life as she grows older, this follows her life going from a child growing up in the new Islamic regime that governed Iran to moving to Austria and France and being a teenager in the western world. Marjanes documentation of her life also allows for an exclusive insight into what life is like a religious and authoritarianRead MorePersepolis : The Story Of An Iranian Child Meeting Westernized Culture1205 Words   |  5 Pages Persepolis: the story of an Iranian child meeting Westernized culture Works in Translation Paper English A: Literature HL Catalina Pino-Rios XXXXX (Candidate Number) Mrs. Smithson May 2017 Bethesda Chevy Chase High School Word Count: 1207 Many people from around the world have a different perspectives of what western culture really is depending on where you are in the world, or what cultures and religions you follow. Some see is at a place of wealthRead MorePersepolis : The Story Of A Childhood1164 Words   |  5 Pages In a modern world of communication and media, misconceptions are plentiful. It is often that surroundings, culture, and rumors have the ability to skew the true image of a person or a situation. In the autobiographical graphic novel, Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi, readers are able to focus on the honesty and emotion of stories to capture their own opinion on Iranians rather than previous assumptions. During the time of the novel, Marjane weaves through childhood in an environmentRead MorePersepolis Reflection Paper1578 Words   |  7 PagesDuring our â€Å"Interactive Oral Discussion† regarding Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi the class discussed many topics. As a group , we began by talking about the genre of the graphic novel. The artistic style and technique used by Satrapi was addressed specifically. I mentioned that I appreciated the mono color, by using black and white it effected the readers by making the text more serious. Another comment was added; the use of minimal color was effective. Another main topic discussed was the characterization

Diet And Nutrition Plans 4 Dangerous Mistakes You Don t...

Diet and Nutrition Plans: 4 Dangerous Mistakes You Don t Even Know Your Making By Nic Carlson | Submitted On December 15, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Have you ever tried to lose weight or burn fat, put all the necessary work in, stuck to the plan, and still didn t see the promised results? Well, don t worry because you re NOT alone and 99% of the time it s not your fault. Most people who get on board with diet and nutrition†¦show more content†¦Our culture has glorified the idea of all nighters and running on fumes but we negligently look over their consequences. When you re running low on rest and racking up that sleep debt, you re triggering your metabolism to slow down and creating a hormonal imbalance that will urge you to eat more. Solution: Make Sleep a Priority We need to make sure we re getting a minimum of seven and a half hours of sleep a night, if you re not, adjust your schedule till you do. To make sure your sleep is effective:  · Set a bedtime and stick to it  · Make sure your room is as dark as possible  · Set the temp to 65 degrees  · Lock your doors and windows  · Cycle out clean sheets every three days  · Avoid caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime And most importantly create a calming before-bed routine that is entirely your own. Mistake #2: Eliminating Entire Categories of Macros From Your Diet A lot of the popular trend diet and nutrition programs boast about severely limiting entire categories of macronutrients if not completely eliminating them. If you don t know, your body relies on macronutrients (Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats) for energy and they re imperative to growth, brain function, metabolism, and a number of other body functions. When you remove them from your diet your denying your body the nutrients it needs to survive and the repercussions can be sickening, you re likely to experience:  · Serious vitamin

The And Management Of Euro Manufacturing Technologies (...

INTRODUCTION As a lean manufacturing consultant at BSE Partners Ltd, I’m writing this report for Hrvoje â€Å"Hervie† Cukeric, chief executive officer (CEO) of Tesu SZZ (Tesu), and the management of Euro Manufacturing Technologies (EMT). Tesu Szz is a welding equipment manufacturing company which originated in 1856 in a shipyard in the port city of Pula, Croatia. It is a small privatized company with its 70 employees as shareholders. It manufactures welding equipment for use in the shipbuilding industry. Tesu is facing financial crisis due to low production capacity and undelivered manufacturing parts. Mr. Cukeric, Tesu’s CEO, is responsible for deciding how to prioritize and solve the unpaid payroll taxes problem, the overdue orders problem, and the unpaid wages problem. This report will provide a microeconomic and macroeconomic analysis to identify potential strengths, and weaknesses, and thereby assessing the opportunities, and threats faced by Tesu. The microeconomic anal ysis will cover the two influential forces from the porter’s five forces, while the macroeconomic analysis will look at political, economic, and technological factors to analyze the impact on the company’s decisions. MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS: PORTER’S FIVE FORCES From microeconomic perspective, Tesu’s opportunities and threats are influenced by consumers and competitors in the industry. While we recognize that suppliers, potential new entrants, and substitutes play an important role in assessing company’s

Marketing and Management Modern Marketing Concept

Question: Describe about the Marketing and Management for Modern Marketing Concept . Answer: Topic 3: Segmentation, Targeting And Positioning Are Interrelated Activities Which Are Important To Achieving A Successful Marketing Mix: Baby Products STP (Segmentation Targeting and Positioning) is identified as the familiar strategic approach in the modern marketing concept. In the similar context, Baron and Henry (2010) mentioned that it is commonly used while creating the marketing communication plan. With the support of STP, the marketers get to prioritise the propositions, based on which the marketing messages are delivered to engage different potential customers. The present topic would emphasise on topic 3, which reflects the importance of STP in attaining the successful marketing mix. To evaluate the significance, two different brands of Australian sectors have been chosen, BabyCo from the baby products division and Lions from the health drinks. In the circumstance of the current subject, Cooper et al. (2006) specified that the segmentation could be recognised as the process of splitting the prospective clients to share the parallel levels of services. The previous researchers reflect that the marketing manager of BabyCo has segmented its marketing concepts through different techniques. The earlier reports reflect that the demographic segmentation prospects of the enterprise are the mothers with the children between the age group of 0 - 4 years. The segmentation policy of the business is preceded through the criteria like age, sex, relationships and income groups. Considering the present context, Bhatt and Emdad (2010) asserted that the mothers show a distinctive attitude while the procurement of the baby products. It is highly significant for the enterprises that focus on selling the baby products to convey the acute message through the products that satisfy the product requirement of the mothers for the children. According to Divakar et al. (2009), BabyCos management is firm enough to identify the financial gap between the higher and the lower middle-income group, based on which the price ranges of the products are set. The marketing manager had set a standard premium price on the product segments after surveying on the purchasing attitude of the parents with regards to the baby products. Therefore, the product discrimination related to prices is not the major concern in the chosen division. The parents often want to purchase the best quality food for the babies. Thus, the price ranges are kept in the equal margin that executes the standards of BabyCos product lines. The previous statistics forecast that BabyCo targets the mothers between the age group of 24 36 years. In the framework of the present content, Baum et al. (2008) determined that the marketing unit of the enterprise has initiated a special effort of having a direct communication with the expected mothers. The research shows that the majority of the parents are driven by the so-called good wills' of Nestle. Therefore, it is hard for BabyCo to convince the current parents for the conversion (broom02.revolvy.com, 2016). Therefore, the commercial presentation is planned specifically for the would be mothers, which has helped the brand to receive the positive reactions of the parents (www.aabri.com, 2016). Thus, an inference can be drawn from the latter context that the marketing plans are done exclusively for long term aspects that contribute the brand with indifferent future benefits. In the similar context, Eckhardt and Shane (2010) identified that the mothers present reluctant attitu de while purchasing any product for the babies. However, the fathers maintain an accepting attitude towards the creativity concept. Therefore, it would be an easy area for the brands to invest in innovative products for the babies and presenting the commercial statement that directly hits the fathers. In the background of the existing report, Bhatt and Emdad (2010) specified that BabyCo has positioned its stores in the Australian market through its standardised and beneficial attributes. The marketing division of the enterprise has followed the position criteria of its competitors; Huggies to place its product lines. The research and development of the enterprise are highly efficient to identify the financial policies of its rivals (www.smh.com.au, 2016). In certain areas the rival businesses fail to identify the financial drawbacks of its competitors, the particular shortcomings have fetched the brand with additional advantages. The management of BabyCo has placed the prices of its products at an affordable range, which mitigates both the quality and the financial expectation of the firm. On the other side, Divakar et al. (2009) determined that the digital execution of its products is the smart policy of BabyCo to position both its brand and its products before the target audienc e (babyco.com.au, 2016). The above effort facilitated firm to showcase the products before the parents can get access to the product with just a single click. Contrary to the latter statement, Cooper et al. (2006) asserted that the Australian parents are highly typical regarding the baby products. Since, the children would consume the products, therefore, the parents would require both the visual ad tangible services to convince the target audience for the product purchasing actions. In the framework of the current statement, Bhatt and Emdad (2010) determined that in the Australian market Lion offers dare, flavoured milk, white milk and the plant milk. The market scenario forecast that the brand is primarily targeting the sports personalities for the protein supplements. The management of Lion, has segmented its health drink products by its age groups and genders. Considering the similar concept, Divakar et al. (2009) specified that the women segment is executing an exclusive inclination towards the fitness programs and the consumption of the health drinks. The current report specifies that the women group prefers the flavoured and the light health drinks, hence, the products like iced coffee, strawberry supplements and Big M Chocolate shakes are offered to the particular group. On the other hand, the plant milk products are majorly introduced for the men within the age group of 17 - 36 years. According to Divakar et al. (2009), girls consume the supplementary dr inks for the purpose of losing the weight. However, the men prefer gaining the weights. Therefore, the plant milk is offered to the men segment, which includes t ingredients like rice, oats, plant base soy, almond and coconut (www.theaustralian.com.au, 2016). The above ingredients facilitate to maintain the metabolic balance and increases the body mass. In the Australian market, Lion targets the younger generation for the health drink division. In the background of the existing content, Cooper et al. (2006) mentioned that the fitness craze amounts the youth segments are increasing with the passing phase of time. Therefore, the enterprise has planned its promotional criteria that directly approach the target segments and the message conveys styles are designed accordingly to serve the brands purposes. Moreover, Divakar et al. (2009) acknowledged that the youths are highly driven by the concept of celebrity endorsement. The youths have the tendency of relating the individual personalities with the ideal figures. Therefore, the celebrity endorsement often helps the younger generation to get influenced by the present marketing concept. Evaluating the product segments the Lion, Cooper et al. (2006) specified that the health drink segment of Lion is extremely narrow. Therefore, preceding with the limited set of products the brand might be threatened with the stagnancy product issue. Diverging the latter concept, Baron and Henry (2010) determined that the celebrity endorsement concept has reached to a saturation margin, thus, it might fail to create an affirmative action over the target customers. Baron and Henry (2010) determined that Lion in the Australian market has managed to create a distinctive identity in the alcoholic division. Moreover, its health drink segment is proceeding with a rapid speed, which has managed to capture the major segments of the market. The RD team of the enterprise has managed to distinguish the consumption criteria of the male and female segments (www.lionco.com, 2016). Based on above realisation, the management has designed its promotional measures that directly help the enterprise to convince the target audience and similarly to increase its customer conversion ratio. Both the enterprises, BabyCo and Lion, initiated the segmentation policy by its regions, income level, education level, personality, social and lifestyle. In addition to the latter statement, the product positioning specifies both the brands have initiated an effective marketing process to increase the product accessibility before the target audience. The product positioning approaches of the enterprises are lucrative enough to satisfy both the financial and the quality requirements of the customers. From the above discussion, it can be perceived that the STP activities are certainly decisive for the customer communication aspects for diverse industry types. In the particular regards, the present essay reflects on the baby products enterprise, BabyCo and health drink firm, Lion in the Australian region. Inference can be drawn from the above evaluation that it has been an easy process for these companies to target the potential prospects in the Australian region. The responsibility becomes easier for the business entities to segment the prospects, target the best customers and to position its product lines through the STP approach. This permits the interaction of the brand well with the customers by establishing the products as well as the marketing conveys. References: Baby, T. (2013) Buy baby gear from our online baby shop. Available at: https://babyco.com.au/ (Accessed: 22 August 2016). Baron, R.A., and Henry, R.A. (2010). How entrepreneurs acquire the capacity to excel: Insights from research on expert performance. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(1), pp. 4965. Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., and Smith, K. G. (2008). A multi-dimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Management Journal, 44, pp. 292303. Bhatt, G. and Emdad, A. F. (2010). An Analysis of the Virtual Chain in Electronic Commerce. Logistics Information Management, 14(1/2), pp. 78-85. Cooper, L.G., Baron, P., Levy, W., Swisher, M., and Gogos, P. (2006). PromoCast: A New Forecasting Method for Promotion Planning. Marketing Science, 18(3), pp. 301316. Divakar, S., Ratchford, B.T., and Shankar, V. (2009). CHAN4CAST: A multichannel, multiregion sales forecasting model and decision support system for consumer packaged goods. Marketing Science, 24(3), pp. 334350. Eckhardt, J. T., and Shane, S. A. (2010). Opportunities and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29, pp. 333-349. LION (no date) Welcome! Available at: https://www.lionco.com/ (Accessed: 22 August 2016). Revolvy, L. (no date) Business review weekly on Revolvy.Com. Available at: https://broom02.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Business%20Review%20Weeklyitem_type=topic (Accessed: 22 August 2016). Subscribe to the Australian (no date) Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/probiotic-drinks-branded-a-waste-of-money-for-healthy-people/news-story/e842df0166f30bd1349bf7701ba509e2 (Accessed: 22 August 2016). The Sydney morning herald (2004) Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/specials/babyproducts/ (Accessed: 22 August 2016). Williams, K.C. and Page, R.A. (no date) Marketing to the generations. Available at: https://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/10575.pdf (Accessed: 22 August 2016).

Negative Comments for Nursing

Questions: 1.What do you think this opinion is based on? 2.Discuss how this scenario could affect the patient ? 3. What are the ramifications of a senior nurse expressing this opinion? 4. How would you respond to this statement? Answers: 1. In my opinion, I hold the view that this opinion is based on stereotype and evidence. He decided to make such utterances because of the negative attitude he has towards the old people and elderly patients in particular. His stereotype has made him to view the elderly as people who should not be given equal treatment like the younger generations because they do not deserve that (Braithwaite Schrodt, 2014). On the other hand, the Senior Nurse is an experienced professional who has been in the service for a very long time. He must have made that statement because he has experienced the same or relied on scientific research. There is enough research that has been done to prove that surgical operations performed on the elderly is risky because of the perioperative and postoperative complications such as falls, delirium, respiratory failure, congestive heart failure, functional decline, infection, vomiting, nausea, cardiac complications, and mortality (DiCenso; Cullum Ciliska, 2011). This is why the Senior Nurse does not like the elderly persons to be subjected to big operations. It might expose them to such complications. 2. The negative comments given by the Senior Nurse were inappropriate because they would negatively impact on the patient and student. First of all, the comment will interfere with the prosperity of the student or young nurse. It will make him lose confidence in the facility and elderly care. At the same time, it might influence him to develop a similar perception and start treating the elderly patients with prejudice. The Senior Nurse is quite influential and regarded by the younger nurses as mentors (Fairman, Rowe, Hassmiller Shalala, 2011). Since what they do is emulated by the younger ones, it is obvious that the student might end up developing poor interpersonal communication relations with a certain section of the patients. Besides, it shows that the Senior Nurse is discriminative and has developed a stereotype towards the elderly patients. The comments would make the patient to lose confidence in the services provided by the facility. The fact that one of the employees is not content with the services provided means that they are not up to the expected standard. Therefore, the patient will change his belief and start developing a negative attitude towards the facility, its employees and the services provided to the clients (Bylund, Peterson Cameron, 2012). A negative perception will end interfering with the recovery process of the patient. It might result into emotional and psychological distress that might end up affecting the patient even after discharge. 3. The negative comments given by the Senior Nurse were not good because they would have a lot of effects on the hospital. The comments would negatively affect the reputation of the organization. It would make the patient to believe that the hospital is not concerned about the life of the patients. The statement might be interpreted to mean that the surgeons insist on operating the elderly for the sake of making money, but not to improve their health (Fairman, Rowe, Hassmiller Shalala, 2011). Once the clients lose faith in the facility, they will cease from using its services. This is an unfortunate situation that might end up leading to the loss of patients, income, and profitability. 4. If I were present at the time when the statement was made, I would do my best to salvage the reputation of the hospital. First, I would use my persuasion skills to tell the senior nurse and the patient that it is necessary for the elderly persons to undergo big surgical operations because it is necessary for saving their critical lives. Besides, I would appeal to the Senior Nurse to refrain from such utterances because they can harm the organization (Braithwaite Schrodt, 2014). In case the Senior Nurse wishes to make such statements, I would appeal to him to do so in the absence of the patients. References Braithwaite, D.O. Schrodt, P. eds., 2014. Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives. New York: Sage Publications. Bylund, C.L., Peterson, E.B. Cameron, K.A., 2012. A practitioner's guide to interpersonal communication theory: An overview and exploration of selected theories. Patient education and counseling, 87(3), pp.261-267. DiCenso, A.; Cullum, N. Ciliska, D. (2011). Implementing evidence-based nursing: some misconceptions. Evidence Based Nursing 1 (2): 3840. doi:10.1136/ebn.1.2.38.